Wednesday, May 30, 2012
Monday, May 28, 2012
Never forget
မင္းတို႔ မင္းတို႕ကို
ႏႈတ္ဆက္ထားခဲ့ရမွာကိုေတာ့
၀မး္နညး္မိမယ္ထင္ပါတယ္။
ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္မႈေတြ ဆိတ္သုဥ္းသြားေပမယ့္
ခ်ယ္ရီပန္းေတြေ၀တဲ့]
ဒီခ်င္းေတာင္တန္းႀကီးကိုေတာ့
အျပစ္မတင္ရက္ပါဘူး။
ငါ့ဘ၀ ငါ့ၾကမၼာကိုပဲ
ပံုေအာၿပီး အျပစ္တင္လိုက္ပါ့မယ္။
ျဖစ္ခ်င္တာေတြ မျဖစ္ေသးတဲ့ဘ၀ကို
ဖိအားေတြလဲ မေပးခ်င္ေသးပါဘူး။
ဘယ္ေလာက္ပဲ
စိတ္ေတြမြန္းၾကပ္ပါေစ
အၿမဲတမ္း အၿပံဳးေတြနဲ႔
ေ၀ဆာေပးတဲ့
ေတာင္တန္းျပာႀကီးကိုေတာ့
Never forget ပါပဲေနာ္
Sunday, May 27, 2012
Present simple and continuous
Can you complete the sentences? Compare your answers with a partner.
Karia is showing her colleagues some photos of her ( birthday party) .
Nirita lives (upstairs) from Karina. She is also Karina’s brother’s (girlfriend) .
Danny usually lives (with his parents too) , but at the moment he’s staying with his
(Aunt and Uncle) in Edinburgh. He (is doing) a design course at Edinburgh College of
Art.
Danny (is enjoying) the course, but he (doesn’t really know) what he wants
to do.
Holly looks (really like) Karina, but she’s actually her (cousin) .
Karina’s grandmother is getting (old) . So she (need) more help these days. She
stays with Karina’s family at the (weekend) .
Richard looks so (grow up) . He’s getting really (tall) .
Analysis
Underline the Present simple in the last exercise.
Circle the Present continuous in the last exercise.
Match the examples in A with the explanations in B.
Thursday, May 17, 2012
“ မိန္းမျမတ္ထုံး ”
ေရွးျမန္မာ့ ရာဇ၀င္
သမုိင္းတြင္ က်န္ရစ္တာက
မင္းက်န္စစ္ သည္းနွစ္ခ်ာ
သမီးကညာ ေရႊအိမ္သည္ ။
နုနုနယ္ နန္းႏြယ္ေသြးမုိ႕
လွေသြးယွက္ႏြယ္ ။
ပရိကၠရား ကုလားကုိကြယ္
စိတ္မွားကာၾကံရႊယ္ ။
ဘာသာမတူ အႏြယ္ျခားေပမုိ႕
မေနွာ၀ယ္ မၾကည္ရႊင္ ။
ခမည္းေတာ္ မင္းက်န္စစ္
တားျမစ္ပိတ္ပင္ ။
ခမည္းေတာ္ ဘ၀င္က်
ၾကင္ယာဖက္ ထိန္းျမားလ်ာ
ေျခတဖက္ဆာ ေစာယြန္းကုိတဲ့
ခြန္းတုံ႕ျပန္ မျငင္းသာ
သမီးပ်ဳိမ်ား ထုံးနည္းနာ
စံျပဳကာထားေပေတာ့ေလး ။ ။
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
သမုိင္းတြင္ က်န္ရစ္တာက
မင္းက်န္စစ္ သည္းနွစ္ခ်ာ
သမီးကညာ ေရႊအိမ္သည္ ။
နုနုနယ္ နန္းႏြယ္ေသြးမုိ႕
လွေသြးယွက္ႏြယ္ ။
ပရိကၠရား ကုလားကုိကြယ္
စိတ္မွားကာၾကံရႊယ္ ။
ဘာသာမတူ အႏြယ္ျခားေပမုိ႕
မေနွာ၀ယ္ မၾကည္ရႊင္ ။
ခမည္းေတာ္ မင္းက်န္စစ္
တားျမစ္ပိတ္ပင္ ။
ခမည္းေတာ္ ဘ၀င္က်
ၾကင္ယာဖက္ ထိန္းျမားလ်ာ
ေျခတဖက္ဆာ ေစာယြန္းကုိတဲ့
ခြန္းတုံ႕ျပန္ မျငင္းသာ
သမီးပ်ဳိမ်ား ထုံးနည္းနာ
စံျပဳကာထားေပေတာ့ေလး ။ ။
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
စိတ္သစ္ လူသစ္
ေဟာ......ဒီဆိုင္က လူေတြစည္ကားလွခ်ည္လားလုိ႔ စိတ္ထဲမွာ ေတြးမိလို႔ ေငးၾကည့္ေတာ့
....စင္တင္ စားေတာ္ဆက္တဲ့
၀ါသနာအရ သီဆိုၾကတဲ့ ေတးသံရွင္ မိန္းကေလးေတြလား
အဆိုေတာ္ ေမာ္ဒယ္ကာင္မေလးေတြလား
ဘာေတြလားေတာ့ မသိဘူး။
ေက်ာဗလာ၊ စကပ္တို ကိုယ္ၾကပ္ေဘာင္းဘီတို
မလံု႕တလံု အ၀တ္အစားေတြနဲ႔ အေနာက္တိုင္းေတးသံနဲ႔ လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ကိုယ္ဟန္ျပေနၾကတာပါလား
စင္ေပၚက သမီးအရြယ္ ေကာင္မေလးေတြရဲ႕ ေပါင္တံေတြက ေဖြးကနဲ ေဖြးကနဲ
စင္ေအာက္က အေဖအရြယ္ လူႀကီးေတြက ေဟးကနဲ ေဟးကနဲေပါ့
ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီေနရာဟာ လူစည္ကားေနတာေပါ့
အင္း..........(သက္ျပင္းရွည္ကို ခ်လို႔)
သူ႔အရပ္နဲ႔ သူ႕ဇာတ္ေတာ့ဟုတ္ေနပါလား
သူ႔ေခတ္နဲ႔ သူ႔အခါ ဆိုေတာ့လဲ ေျပာမိတဲ့သူကဘဲ အျပစ္ျဖစ္ေနသလိုဘဲဗ်ာ
သိေတာ္မူၾကတဲ့အတိုင္းဘဲေလ အတုျမင္ အတတ္သင္ တတ္တဲ့ လူငယ္ေတြသဘာ၀
၀တ္စားဆင္ယင္မႈက အျမဲတမ္းလက္ဆင့္ကမ္းစီးေမ်ာေနေတာ့
ေခတ္ကိုက တရုတ္မင္းသမီးေတြ ေခတ္စားကာစက ဂါ၀န္ေတြ ေပါင္ရင္အထိခြဲလို႔ခြဲ
ဒီဘက္ေခတ္ေရာက္ျပန္ေတာ့ ကိုရီးယားေခတ္ျဖစ္လာတာနဲ႔အညီ
တိုသြားလိုက္တဲ့ စကပ္၊ ဟိုက္သြားလိုက္တဲ့ လည္ပင္း
မိန္းကေလးခ်င္းေတာင္ မၾကည့္ရဲၾကတဲ့ အျဖစ္
ဒါတင္လား ဘယ္ကဦးမလဲ
မိန္းကေလးက စလို႔ ဘီယာေသာက္ျပရမွာလဲ ၀န္မေလး
ရည္စားစကားစေျပာရမွာကိုလဲ မရွက္မေၾကာက္
ေရွးလူႀကီးသူမတို႔ ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ ဟီရိၾသတၱပ ဆိုတဲ့(အရွက္တရား)ဆိုတာ ၾကားဖူးတယ္လို႔ေတာင္ မထင္ပါဘူးဗ်ာ
ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ကို ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးဆိုတာေတာင္ ေမ့ေနၾကၿပီထင္ပါရဲ႕
ကိုရီးယားကားေတြ အၾကည့္မ်ားၿပီး မသိစိတ္က ဆိုးလ္ေရာက္သြားတယ္ ေအာက္ေမ့လားမသိ
ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနလိုက္ၾကတာမ်ား ယိုသူမရွက္ ျမင္သူကဘဲ ရွက္ရမလို
ေအာ္......တိုးတက္လာတဲ့ ေခတ္နဲ႔အမွ် ေခတ္ႀကီးကလဲ ပ်က္စီးလာပါလားလို႔
ေအာက္ေမ့မိေတာ့လဲ ေတြးရင္းနဲ႔ေတာင္ ရင္ေလးမိပါတယ္
ဒီဘက္ေခတ္ ေရာက္လာေတာ့ သူ႔ထက္ငါအျပိဳင္ ေဟာ့ႏိုင္တဲ့သူက နာမည္ႀကီးေၾကးလို႔မ်ား
ထင္ေနၾကလားမသိ သူ႔ထက္ငါ ၀တ္လိုက္ၾကတာမ်ား အရွက္လံုတယ္ဆိုရံဳေလာက္သာဆိုေတာ့
ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးဆိုတဲ့ ဂုဏ္ကိုလဲ ထိန္းရေကာင္းမွန္းမသိ ဗုဒၶဘာသာမိန္းကေလးတို႔ဓေလ့ ဘုရား
ေက်ာင္းကန္ သြားရမွာလဲ စိတ္မ၀င္စား အ၀တ္အစားေလာက္သာ သူတို႔သိေနေတာ့ ခက္သား.....။
သည္လို မေကာင္းတဲ့ အေမြဆိုးေတြ ဆင့္ကမ္းမလာဖို႔ မိမိတို႔ရိုးရာယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းစဥ္လာေတြ
ဆရာ၊ မိဘ၊ ဦးႀကီး၊ ဦးေလး၊ အကို စတဲ့ သက္ႀကီး၀ါႀကီးေတြရဲ႕ အဆံုးအမေတြနဲ႔ ထိန္းကြပ္ကာကြယ္ၾကဖို႔
အခ်ိန္တန္ၿပီလို႔ ထင္မိပါတယ္။
ငယ္စဥ္ကတည္းက ဆိုဆံုးမသြန္သင္တာကို နာခံတတ္တဲ့အက်င့္၊ လူႀကီးသူမကို ရိုက်ိဳးႏွိမ့္ခ်တတ္တဲ့အက်င့္၊
အမွားအမွန္ကို ပိုင္းျခားႏိုင္တဲ့ ဆင္ျခင္တံုးတရားဆိုင္ရာ အမူအက်င့္၊ ဘာသာတရားကိုင္းရိႈင္းမႈ၊ ဗုဒၶရဲ႕အဆံုးအမမ်ားနဲ႔
နီးကပ္ထိကပ္မႈေတြဟာ တကယ္ေတာ့ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးေတြနဲ႔ မစိမ္းတဲ့အရာေတြပါ။
ဒါေၾကာင့္မို႔ ယေန႔လူငယ္ေတြဟာ ေနာင္တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ လူႀကီးျဖစ္လာမွာျဖစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ မိမိတို႔ရဲ႕ ေနာင္လာေနာင္သားေတြကို
ထိန္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ၾကမွာျဖစ္တာနဲ႔အညီ ေရွ႕ေဆာင္ႏြားလား ေျဖာင့္ေျဖာင့္သြားမွ ေနာက္ႏြားတစ္သိုက္ ေျဖာင့္ေျဖာင့္လိုက္
ဆိုသလို ေရွ႕ကလမ္းေၾကာင္းက ေျဖာင့္ျဖဴးခဲ့မွသာ ေနာက္တတ္လာမယ့္ မ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္မ်ားအတြက္ လွပတဲ့ အနာဂတ္ကို
ထုဆစ္ႏိုင္ၾကမွာ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းမွန္ေပၚေရာက္ၿပီး အသိတရားေလးမ်ား ျမန္ျမန္ရရွိၾကပါေစလို႔ ဆုေတာင္းလ်က္
လြမ္းေနသူ
....စင္တင္ စားေတာ္ဆက္တဲ့
၀ါသနာအရ သီဆိုၾကတဲ့ ေတးသံရွင္ မိန္းကေလးေတြလား
အဆိုေတာ္ ေမာ္ဒယ္ကာင္မေလးေတြလား
ဘာေတြလားေတာ့ မသိဘူး။
ေက်ာဗလာ၊ စကပ္တို ကိုယ္ၾကပ္ေဘာင္းဘီတို
မလံု႕တလံု အ၀တ္အစားေတြနဲ႔ အေနာက္တိုင္းေတးသံနဲ႔ လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ကိုယ္ဟန္ျပေနၾကတာပါလား
စင္ေပၚက သမီးအရြယ္ ေကာင္မေလးေတြရဲ႕ ေပါင္တံေတြက ေဖြးကနဲ ေဖြးကနဲ
စင္ေအာက္က အေဖအရြယ္ လူႀကီးေတြက ေဟးကနဲ ေဟးကနဲေပါ့
ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီေနရာဟာ လူစည္ကားေနတာေပါ့
အင္း..........(သက္ျပင္းရွည္ကို ခ်လို႔)
သူ႔အရပ္နဲ႔ သူ႕ဇာတ္ေတာ့ဟုတ္ေနပါလား
သူ႔ေခတ္နဲ႔ သူ႔အခါ ဆိုေတာ့လဲ ေျပာမိတဲ့သူကဘဲ အျပစ္ျဖစ္ေနသလိုဘဲဗ်ာ
သိေတာ္မူၾကတဲ့အတိုင္းဘဲေလ အတုျမင္ အတတ္သင္ တတ္တဲ့ လူငယ္ေတြသဘာ၀
၀တ္စားဆင္ယင္မႈက အျမဲတမ္းလက္ဆင့္ကမ္းစီးေမ်ာေနေတာ့
ေခတ္ကိုက တရုတ္မင္းသမီးေတြ ေခတ္စားကာစက ဂါ၀န္ေတြ ေပါင္ရင္အထိခြဲလို႔ခြဲ
ဒီဘက္ေခတ္ေရာက္ျပန္ေတာ့ ကိုရီးယားေခတ္ျဖစ္လာတာနဲ႔အညီ
တိုသြားလိုက္တဲ့ စကပ္၊ ဟိုက္သြားလိုက္တဲ့ လည္ပင္း
မိန္းကေလးခ်င္းေတာင္ မၾကည့္ရဲၾကတဲ့ အျဖစ္
ဒါတင္လား ဘယ္ကဦးမလဲ
မိန္းကေလးက စလို႔ ဘီယာေသာက္ျပရမွာလဲ ၀န္မေလး
ရည္စားစကားစေျပာရမွာကိုလဲ မရွက္မေၾကာက္
ေရွးလူႀကီးသူမတို႔ ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ ဟီရိၾသတၱပ ဆိုတဲ့(အရွက္တရား)ဆိုတာ ၾကားဖူးတယ္လို႔ေတာင္ မထင္ပါဘူးဗ်ာ
ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ကို ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးဆိုတာေတာင္ ေမ့ေနၾကၿပီထင္ပါရဲ႕
ကိုရီးယားကားေတြ အၾကည့္မ်ားၿပီး မသိစိတ္က ဆိုးလ္ေရာက္သြားတယ္ ေအာက္ေမ့လားမသိ
ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနလိုက္ၾကတာမ်ား ယိုသူမရွက္ ျမင္သူကဘဲ ရွက္ရမလို
ေအာ္......တိုးတက္လာတဲ့ ေခတ္နဲ႔အမွ် ေခတ္ႀကီးကလဲ ပ်က္စီးလာပါလားလို႔
ေအာက္ေမ့မိေတာ့လဲ ေတြးရင္းနဲ႔ေတာင္ ရင္ေလးမိပါတယ္
မိန္းမတို႔အိေျႏၵ ေရႊေပးလို႔မရ ဆိုတဲ့စကားဟာ ျမန္မာလူမ်ိဳးတို႔မွာ စကားပံုအျဖစ္သာ က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့ၿပီ
ဒီဘက္ေခတ္ ေရာက္လာေတာ့ သူ႔ထက္ငါအျပိဳင္ ေဟာ့ႏိုင္တဲ့သူက နာမည္ႀကီးေၾကးလို႔မ်ား
ထင္ေနၾကလားမသိ သူ႔ထက္ငါ ၀တ္လိုက္ၾကတာမ်ား အရွက္လံုတယ္ဆိုရံဳေလာက္သာဆိုေတာ့
ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးဆိုတဲ့ ဂုဏ္ကိုလဲ ထိန္းရေကာင္းမွန္းမသိ ဗုဒၶဘာသာမိန္းကေလးတို႔ဓေလ့ ဘုရား
ေက်ာင္းကန္ သြားရမွာလဲ စိတ္မ၀င္စား အ၀တ္အစားေလာက္သာ သူတို႔သိေနေတာ့ ခက္သား.....။
သည္လို မေကာင္းတဲ့ အေမြဆိုးေတြ ဆင့္ကမ္းမလာဖို႔ မိမိတို႔ရိုးရာယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းစဥ္လာေတြ
ဆရာ၊ မိဘ၊ ဦးႀကီး၊ ဦးေလး၊ အကို စတဲ့ သက္ႀကီး၀ါႀကီးေတြရဲ႕ အဆံုးအမေတြနဲ႔ ထိန္းကြပ္ကာကြယ္ၾကဖို႔
အခ်ိန္တန္ၿပီလို႔ ထင္မိပါတယ္။
ငယ္စဥ္ကတည္းက ဆိုဆံုးမသြန္သင္တာကို နာခံတတ္တဲ့အက်င့္၊ လူႀကီးသူမကို ရိုက်ိဳးႏွိမ့္ခ်တတ္တဲ့အက်င့္၊
အမွားအမွန္ကို ပိုင္းျခားႏိုင္တဲ့ ဆင္ျခင္တံုးတရားဆိုင္ရာ အမူအက်င့္၊ ဘာသာတရားကိုင္းရိႈင္းမႈ၊ ဗုဒၶရဲ႕အဆံုးအမမ်ားနဲ႔
နီးကပ္ထိကပ္မႈေတြဟာ တကယ္ေတာ့ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ျမန္မာမိန္းကေလးေတြနဲ႔ မစိမ္းတဲ့အရာေတြပါ။
ဒါေၾကာင့္မို႔ ယေန႔လူငယ္ေတြဟာ ေနာင္တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ လူႀကီးျဖစ္လာမွာျဖစ္ၿပီးေတာ့ မိမိတို႔ရဲ႕ ေနာင္လာေနာင္သားေတြကို
ထိန္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ၾကမွာျဖစ္တာနဲ႔အညီ ေရွ႕ေဆာင္ႏြားလား ေျဖာင့္ေျဖာင့္သြားမွ ေနာက္ႏြားတစ္သိုက္ ေျဖာင့္ေျဖာင့္လိုက္
ဆိုသလို ေရွ႕ကလမ္းေၾကာင္းက ေျဖာင့္ျဖဴးခဲ့မွသာ ေနာက္တတ္လာမယ့္ မ်ိဳးဆက္သစ္မ်ားအတြက္ လွပတဲ့ အနာဂတ္ကို
ထုဆစ္ႏိုင္ၾကမွာ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းမွန္ေပၚေရာက္ၿပီး အသိတရားေလးမ်ား ျမန္ျမန္ရရွိၾကပါေစလို႔ ဆုေတာင္းလ်က္
လြမ္းေနသူ
Thursday, May 10, 2012
မာန္တတ္ေစခ်င္ သာကီ၀င္
ၾကည့္ရတာ ျမင္မေကာင္း
ျမန္မာတြင္ ဆုိးယုတ္တာက
မ်ဳိးျပဳတ္ေအာင္ ျဖဳတ္မည္ပ
ထုတ္လိုက္ၾက အရက္မ်ဳိးစုံ
၀ိသမ ေလာဘသားေတြ
ေမာဟေတြ လႊမ္းလုိ႔ျခဳံ
ဒင္းတုိ႔ေတြ အတၱေၾကာင့္
ဆုံးရႈံးၾက မ်ဳိးဖုံဖုံ
ဓနဂုဏ္ ခုံမင္လုိ့
စိတ္ထားပုံ ဘယ္သူေသေသ
ငေတမာ ျပီးေရာတဲ့
ၾကီးပြားတာ ဒင္းတုိ႔တစ္ေတြ
ဆုိးထိတ္ဖြယ္ အေျခေနမွာ
ျမင္ရေပ ယစ္ထုပ္ေတြမုိ႔
မ်ဳိးခ်စ္သူ လူငယ္ေတြဟာ
ျမန္နယ္မွာ အနာဂါတ္ပါ
ယွဥ္တြဲကာ တြန္းလွန္ပါေတာ့
ဇာတိမာန္ ထက္သန္လုိ႔ေလး
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
ျမန္မာတြင္ ဆုိးယုတ္တာက
မ်ဳိးျပဳတ္ေအာင္ ျဖဳတ္မည္ပ
ထုတ္လိုက္ၾက အရက္မ်ဳိးစုံ
၀ိသမ ေလာဘသားေတြ
ေမာဟေတြ လႊမ္းလုိ႔ျခဳံ
ဒင္းတုိ႔ေတြ အတၱေၾကာင့္
ဆုံးရႈံးၾက မ်ဳိးဖုံဖုံ
ဓနဂုဏ္ ခုံမင္လုိ့
စိတ္ထားပုံ ဘယ္သူေသေသ
ငေတမာ ျပီးေရာတဲ့
ၾကီးပြားတာ ဒင္းတုိ႔တစ္ေတြ
ဆုိးထိတ္ဖြယ္ အေျခေနမွာ
ျမင္ရေပ ယစ္ထုပ္ေတြမုိ႔
မ်ဳိးခ်စ္သူ လူငယ္ေတြဟာ
ျမန္နယ္မွာ အနာဂါတ္ပါ
ယွဥ္တြဲကာ တြန္းလွန္ပါေတာ့
ဇာတိမာန္ ထက္သန္လုိ႔ေလး
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
ၾကဳိးစားေစခ်င္ သာကီ၀င္
ေရွးပေ၀သဏီက
သာကီ၀င္ မင္းအဆက္ဆက္
တုိးတက္ခဲ့ ျမန္စာေပ
ဂုဏ္တင့္လုိ႔ေ၀
ရွင္သခင္ နန္းက်ေတာ့
ည်ဳိးလ်ေပ့ါ ျမန္စာေပ
နယ္ခ်ဲ႔ေတြ အုပ္ဆုိးတဲ့
တုိ႔အမ်ဳိးအေျခ
ျပဌာန္းလာ ဘာသာေဗဒ
သင္ေစမွ ၀မး္၀သည္
ျမန္စာေပ ပစ္ခြာၾက
နွစ္, လမ်ားေလျပီ
ခုခ်ိန္ခါ လြတ္လပ္ျပီမုိ႔
ေထြလီလီ စာေပပန္းကုိ
သစ္ဆန္းေအာင္ ေခတ္နွင့္အညီ
ၾကိဳးပမ္းသင့္သည္
ေလွ်ာက္လွမ္းဆုိ႔ ပန္းတုိင္ဆီ
ျမန္မာျပည္ တုိးတတ္ဖုိ႔ေလး……….
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
သာကီ၀င္ မင္းအဆက္ဆက္
တုိးတက္ခဲ့ ျမန္စာေပ
ဂုဏ္တင့္လုိ႔ေ၀
ရွင္သခင္ နန္းက်ေတာ့
ည်ဳိးလ်ေပ့ါ ျမန္စာေပ
နယ္ခ်ဲ႔ေတြ အုပ္ဆုိးတဲ့
တုိ႔အမ်ဳိးအေျခ
ျပဌာန္းလာ ဘာသာေဗဒ
သင္ေစမွ ၀မး္၀သည္
ျမန္စာေပ ပစ္ခြာၾက
နွစ္, လမ်ားေလျပီ
ခုခ်ိန္ခါ လြတ္လပ္ျပီမုိ႔
ေထြလီလီ စာေပပန္းကုိ
သစ္ဆန္းေအာင္ ေခတ္နွင့္အညီ
ၾကိဳးပမ္းသင့္သည္
ေလွ်ာက္လွမ္းဆုိ႔ ပန္းတုိင္ဆီ
ျမန္မာျပည္ တုိးတတ္ဖုိ႔ေလး……….
ဥာဏ္ဗလ
Monday, May 7, 2012
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
ကိုလံဘိုၿမိဳ႕..SVS သင္တန္းမွ ပို႔ခ်က္ခ်က္မ်ား(Intermediate)
28, 07, 2009
Questions to find out some personal information.
Practice the following questions with a partner.
What is your name? How old are you? Where are you from? Where did you go to school? What do you do? Do you have any brothers or sisters? Do you have any hobbies? Do you speak any other languages?
Match side A to side B.
A B
What the cost of something
Which the reason for doing something
When a period of time
Where place
Who a thing
How the way you do something
Why class or type of thing
How often a person
How much a time
What kind the number of times you do something
Witch woman with a pointed hat
How long a thing (but only a few possible answers)
Comparative and Superlative
Fill in the gaps with the name of somebody in the class and the correct form of the adjective in brackets.
• (Uzing) is ( taller) (tall) than me.
• (Sumana) is (thinner) (thin) than me.
• (Suriya) is (the most) (handsome) in the class.
• (Nuri) is (the prettiest) (pretty) in the class.
• (Tejinda) is (better) (good) at English than me.
• (Jimme) lives (further) (far) away from Colombo than me.
• (Tow) is (the tallest) (tall) in the class.
Write four true sentences using the prompts below.
• The person next to me is … (taller than me.)
• The teacher is … (better at English than me)
• My bag is … (bigger than Uzing’s.)
• Sri Lanka is … (smaller than Myanmar)
Complete the gaps below.
A B C D E F G
G is the (biggest) , B is (smaller) than G but (bigger) than E.
C is (the smallest) , D is (bigger) than C but (smaller) than F.
A is (smaller) than G and (bigger) than C.
Introduction
Grammar terms
a c
b d
e
Look at these grammar terms and complete the gaps with one of the underlined word from the jokes above.
a. a countable lies h. an auxiliary verb (don’t) .
b. an uncountable noun (soup) i. a modal auxiliary verb (can’t) .
c. an adjective (wet) j. a definite article (the) .
d. a preposition (under) k. an indefinite article (a) .
e. an adverb (never) l. a pronoun (you) .
f. the base form of the verb (be) m. a possessive adjective (your) .
g. the –ing form of the verb (telling) n. a conjunction (because) .
1. Asking and answering questions
Look at the photographs of people meeting. Which photo shows the following?
• A businesswoman meeting a colleague from abroad for the first time.
• A person answering questions for an application form.
• Two old friends chatting about their news.
• Some students on an English course getting to know each other during a break.
2. Analysis
Asking questions.
How many of the questions from exercise 2 can you remember?
Use the verbs below to write them:
Are is do does have was were did
Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
Auxiliaries in answers
Can you shorten these long answers using auxiliary verbs?
Have you got any brothers and sisters?
No, I haven’t got any brothers and sisters. (No, I haven’t)
Does all your family live round here?
My parents live round here, but my sister doesn’t live round here.
(My parents do, but my sister doesn’t.)
3. Verbs: be, have and do:
Be, have and do can all be used as the main verb in a sentence.
My brother is still at school.
We have lunch at about one o’clock.
I usually do my homework in my bedroom.
a) Auxiliary verbs to form tenses
We also use be, have and do to form tenses, questions and negative forms, and on their own (in short answers, question tags, etc.) in this case they are called auxiliary verbs.
We use be (+ verb + ing) to form continuous tenses. Present Continuous: He’s studying to become a doctor. Past Continuous: I was talking to Charles the other day.
We use have (+ Past Participle) to form perfect tenses: Present Perfect: We’ve been here for three months. Past Perfect: the film had started when we got there.
We use do in simple tenses (in the question and negative forms) Present Simple: Does all your family live round here? Past Simple: I didn’t get your email.
REMEMBER!
Third person singular forms contractions do → he / she / it does She is waiting → She’s waiting. Have → he / she / it has you are joking → You’re joking. He has left → He’s left.
b. auxiliary verbs in questions and negatives:
In continuous and perfect tenses, questions are formed by inverting the subject and auxiliary verb. Is he studying to become a doctor? How long have your brother and sister lived here?
Negative are formed by adding not to the verb. We often shorten this to ‘nt. She is not working. → She isn’t working. He has not come home. → He hasn’t come home.
REMEMBER!
With modal verbs, we form questions by inverting the subject and the verb. Can I come in? We form negative with not. I mustn’t stay long.
c. Auxiliaries on their own:
Short answers These can make the speaker sound more polite / interested. Have you been here before? Yes, I have.
We also use auxiliaries to avoid repeating long sentences. Does your family live in Paris? My father does, but my mother doesn’t.
Short questions and question tags. My brother’s gone to live in Australia. Has he? You were home last night, weren’t you?
4. Practice
Add the correct verbs to the following questions:
How are things with you?
How (do) you do?
What (is) your full name and address?
How (was) your flight?
When (did) you get here?
(Did) you have a good journey to school this morning?
Where (are) you staying while you’re here?
(Have) you got any special reason for learning English?
(Do) you speak any other languages?
How (is) your job going?
(Have) you got any brothers and sisters?
(Did) you have a nice holiday?
(Is) this your first visit to New York?
How (is) all your family?
5. Vocabulary
Everyday activities
a. Match the phrases in A with their opposites in B.
A B
I spend a lot of time I’m not interested in
I really love I don’t have enough time for
I spend too much time I’m not very good at
I’m quite good at I absolutely hate
I’m really into I don’t spend much time.
b. What verb form is used after all these expressions?
c.
chatting on the phone listening to music doing exercise
hanging out with friends doing your homework doing housework
shopping playing computer games reading
relaxing and doing nothing texting your friends walking
watching TV (on / using) the Internet cooking
6. Reading and speaking
Read the following statements. Which do you think are true for your country? Compare your idea in groups.
• People are working longer hours than in the past.
• Watching TV is the most popular leisure time activity.
• Most people read a newspaper regularly.
• The majority of women work full time.
• Women do the main share of the housework.
• People are eating more and more ready meals and takeaways.
• The majority of young people have a full time job by the time they are twenty.
• Young people these days spend more time socializing than doing homework.
• Pensioners are more physically active than teenagers.
• Regular internet users are often keen on sports as well.
• The majority of people take part in a sport at least once a week.
• People waste a lot of time at work.
7. How we really spend our time
Time it seems, is what we’re all short of these days. One reason perhaps, why there are thousands of studies every year into how we spend our time and how we could spend it better. Some of the results are startling. Did you know for example………?
• Although people all over the world are working longer and longer hours, we also have more leisure time than ever before.
• After sleeping and working, watching TV is by far the most popular leisure activity the world over. The British watch more TV than any other nation in Europe, but they also read more. The vast majority, 85%, regularly read newspapers and 54% regularly read books.
• Although up to two thirds of modern European women work full-time, they still do the main share of the housework, too. Husbands help in the house more than they did in the past, but in the UK for example, men do an average of just six hours a week compared to their wives, who do over eighteen hours. No wonder that the vast majority of working women in the UK say they are stressed and exhausted!
• According to the latest research by supermarkets, the average British family spends just eleven minutes preparing the main evening meal and prefers ‘ready meals’ and takeaways to home-cooked food. Almost half of all families in the UK eat together only once a month or less.
• More than half of young people in the UK have a full-time job by the age of nineteen, but the majority of young Spanish or Italian people do not start full-time work until they are twenty-four.
• The average American fourteen-year-old spends only half an hour a day doing homework and less than a fifth of young people participate in sports, clubs, music or other traditional hobbies. Instead 65% say they spend their time chatting on their mobiles and hanging out with their friends in shopping malls.
• In the UK, pensioners are almost twice as active as teenagers, according to recent research. People over sixty-five spend nearly two hours a day doing physical activities such as walking, cycling, gardening or sport, while teenagers spend only seventy-five minutes. However, surprisingly, people who use the internet regularly do more sport than people who never use it.
• The Swedes and Finns are the sportiest nationalities in Europe. 73% do some kind of sport at least once or twice a week.
• People may spend more time at work these days, but are they always working? The latest research reveals that each day the average British employee spends fifty-five minutes chatting, sixteen minutes flirting, fourteen minutes surfing the internet and nine minutes sending emails to friends.
8. Mark the following phrases S (if they both mean the same) and D (if they are different)
• two thirds / sixty-six percent S
• the main share of the work / most of the work (S)
• an average of six hours / exactly six hours (D)
• over eighteen hours / less than eighteen hours (D)
• the vast majority / ninety percent (S)
• almost half / fifty-two percent (D)
• more than half / forty-five percent (D)
• a fifth / twenty percent (S)
• at least twice a week / two time a week or more (S)
9. People around you
acquaintance aunt best friend
boss classmate colleague
head teacher husband mother-in-law
cousin ex-girlfriend flat mate
neighbor niece parent
relative stepmother stranger
Family (cousin, relative, aunt, husband, niece, stepmother, mother-in-law, parent)
Friends (neighbor, best friend, flatmate)
School (head teacher, classmate)
Works (boss, colleague)
other (acquaintance, ex-girlfriend, stranger)
Present simple and continuous
Can you complete the sentences? Compare your answers with a partner.
Karia is showing her colleagues some photos of her ( birthday party) .
Nirita lives (upstairs) from Karina. She is also Karina’s brother’s (girlfriend) .
Danny usually lives (with his parents too) , but at the moment he’s staying with his (Aunt and Uncle) in Edinburgh. He (is doing) a design course at Edinburgh College of Art.
Danny (is enjoying) the course, but he (doesn’t really know) what he wants to do.
Holly looks (really like) Karina, but she’s actually her (cousin) .
Karina’s grandmother is getting (old) . So she (need) more help these days. She stays with Karina’s family at the (weekend) .
Richard looks so (grow up) . He’s getting really (tall) .
Analysis
Underline the Present simple in the last exercise.
Circle the Present continuous in the last exercise.
Match the examples in A with the explanations in B.
They’re looking at photos. a habit She stays with us every weekend. an action happening at this moment She lives upstairs. a permanent situation He’s staying with his aunt. a changing situation Holly looks like Karina. a temporary situation He’s getting really tall. a ‘state’
Verbs that describe a state are not used in the continuous form. Find more examples of ‘state’ verbs in the last exercise.
Language summary
Present simple
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / we / they work I / you / we / they (do not) don’t work. Do I / you / we work?
He / she / it works. He / she / it does not) doesn’t work. Does he / she / it work?
We use the Present simple for:
• Repeated actions or habits.
We go out every Saturday night.
• Something we see as permanent.
My sister works in a bank.
• Describing a state that doesn’t change.
I look like my mother.
Present continuous
Positive form Negative form Question form
I’m ( I am) working. I’m not (am not) working. Am I working?
He / she / it’s (is) working. He / she / it isn’t (is not) working. Is he / she / it working?
We use the Present continuous for:
• Things in progress now, at the moment of speaking.
The sun is shining and it’s a beautiful day!
• Temporary actions or situations that are happening ‘around now’.
I’m reading a very good book at the moment.
• Describing a situation which is changing.
People are working longer hours nowadays.
Present simple versus Present continuous Sometimes either form is possible. Compare the following pairs of sentences. Paolo is the student who sits at the back of the class. (he always does this.) Paolo is the student who is sitting at the back of the class. (he is there now.) My parents stay at the Hilton Hotel. (every time they visit the town.) My parents are staying in the Hilton Hotel. (they are there at the moment.)
‘State’ versus ‘action’ verbs. Some verbs are rarely found in continuous forms. These are verbs which describe ‘state’ (things which stay the same) rather than ‘actions’ (things which can change). Some of the most common are verbs: Connected with emotions: hate, love, like, want. Connected with understanding: believe, know, understand, prefer. Connected with the senses: hear, smell, sound, taste.
Find things in common
Complete the questions (in the ‘you’ form) in the Present simple or continuous.
1. (Do you like) (like) meeting new people?
2. (Are you reading) (read) a good book at the moment?
3. (Do you read) (read) a daily newspaper?
4. (Are you studying) (study) for any exams at the moment?
5. (Do you listen) (listen) to the radio in the morning?
6. (Which / do you prefer) (prefer) smart or casual clothes?
7. (Do you usually get up) (usually get up) late at the weekend?
8. (Do you/ are you find / finding) (find) English grammar difficult?
9. (Are you getting) (get) better at English?
Listen to two conversations from a party. Which people already know each other and which have just met?
Do they know each other Which topics did they talk
about?
Conversation 1 (No)
(Area you live in, sport, studies, jobs)
Conversation 2 (Yes)
(People who you live with, travelling, aims and ambitions, jobs.)
What have you got in common?
Family and home Internet and taste People who you live with? Sport, etc? Married or single? Reading books / newspapers Brothers and sisters? TV / radio Extended family? Computers / Internet? Area you live in? shopping? Type of home Cinema / theatre / concerts? Music Food? Travelling? Things you especially love / hate?
Work / studies daily life Previous jobs / studies? Get up / go to bed? Aims and ambitions? Mealtimes? Work or study? Go out a lot? Evenings / weekends? Housework? Transport? Childcare?
Useful language
Finding things in common
Me too / neither. That’s the same for me. So / neither do / have I.
Finding difference Oh, I’m the opposite. Really? I………….. Oh, that’s interesting!
Telling other people We both……. Neither of us…… I ………….. but he / she…………….
Wordspot
Have (and have got)
Complete the gaps to make phrases with have. Then listen and check.
a. In some countries it’s common to have (lunch) at twelve o’clock, but we usually eat around two.
b. A: I can’t find my socks anywhere, Mum! B: Have a (look) in the basket by the washing machine.
c. I’ve got a terrible (headache) . Is there any aspirin?
d. James really makes me laugh. He’s really got a great sense of (Human) .
e. I’m afraid we’ve got a serious (problem) . We’ve run out of petrol.
f. I was tired after walking so far, so I stopped to have a (rest) .
g. I’ve got a very large (family) – five brothers and three sisters.
The diagram below shows some common uses of have. Add the phrases from exercise 1 to the correct section.
have a shower have a coffee have a break. have dinner
have got a cold have got brown hair have got a stomachache have got a new car
1. Making questions
Use the prompts to write complete questions in the following situations.
a) Steve is asking Phil about his new girlfriend, Cinzia, who comes from Italy.
1) What / be / her name?
(What is her name?)
2) Which part of Italy / she / come from?
(Which part of Italy does she come from?)
3) How / you / meet / her?
(How did you meet her?)
4) What / she / do for a living?
(What does she do for a living?)
5) When / she first / come / to England?
(When does she first come to England?)
6) How well / she / speak English?
(How well does she speak English?)
7) She / like / London?
(Does she like London?)
8) She / have / a flat here?
(Does she have a flat here?)
b) Sarah wants to immigrate to Australia with her family. An official is asking her some questions.
1) When / you / get married?
(When did you get married?)
2) Where / your husband / born?
(Where was your husband born?)
3) Your husband / work?
(Does your husband work?)
4) He / have / any qualifications?
(Does he have any qualifications?)
5) How many children / you / have?
(How many children do you have?)
6) How old / be / your children?
(How old are your children?)
7) You / know / anybody in Australia?
(Do you know anybody in Australia?)
Present Simple or continuous
2. Mike, a saleman, is talking to his doctor about his stress problems. Complete the gaps with the best form of the verb in brackets.
Doctor: how can I help you Mr. Daniels? Mike: well, I started having bad headaches a couple of weeks ago and they (1) (are getting) (get) worse. I can’t sleep properly, I’m tired all the time, and the worst thing is my hair (2) (is going) (go) grey and I’m only 31! Doctor: I see. Let me ask you some questions. (3) (do you smoke) (you / smoke)?Mike: No, I gave up a month ago. Doctor: Right. I see you’re a salesman how many hours a week (4) (do you work) (you / work)? Mike: Well, I normally (do) (do) eight hours a day, but at moment I (6) (am working) (work) at least ten hours and some Saturdays. Doctor: That is a lot. And so how (7) (do you relax) (you / relax)? Mike: Well I usually (8) (sit) (sit) in front of the TV with a pizza and a few beers. Doctor: Hmm. (9) (are you doing) (you / do) any exercise at the moment? Mike: Not really, but I’m losing weight and I (10) (don’t know) (not / know) why. Doctor: I think you (11) (are suffering) (suffer) from stress. I (12) (want) (want) you to eat a more varied diet and to do some exercise. Come back and see me in four weeks and I’ll check you again.
Question tags and short answers
Look at these long answers, first write the question to the answer then write the shot answer for each one.
• No, I’m not going to Joanne’s party tonight.
(Are you going to Joanne’s party tonight) ?
(No, I’m not) .
• Yes, John is coming for lunch this afternoon.
(Is John coming for lunch this afternoon) ?
(Yes, he is) .
• No, my teacher doesn’t speak Korean.
(Does your teacher speak Korean) ?
(No, he doesn’t) .
• My brother lives round here, but my parents live in Guatemala.
(Does your family live round here) ?
(My brother does, but my parents don’t) .
Fill in the gap with the correct question tag. (We use this question tag when we quite know the answer, when we think, we know it.)
• Ooh, it’s so hot in this classroom, (isn’t it) ?
• You didn’t go to Royal, (did you) ?
• These chairs are so comfortable, (aren’t they) ?
• He is so handsome, (isn’t it) ?
• She isn’t coming tonight, (is she) ?
• They are coming at four o’clock, (aren’t they) ?
E-mail an old friend
Hi Laura! Remember me??!! I was really pleased when I found your name on the Friends Reunited website – so (I decided to drop you a line) straight away.
(How are things with you) ? (I really hope you’re well) . Last time we met you were still at university, but I guess you’re working now. What are you doing? I remember you always wanted to work with children. Are you still with Simon or is that all in the past now? (How is all your family) ? What are your parents doing these days, and how about Joe and Katie? (Send them my love, won’t you)?
I now work for a big property company as a sales manager, and at the moment I’m living in Australia, working in the Sydney office. I absolutely love it over here, and even more exciting, I’m getting married next April to Matt – a gorgeous Australian guy I met here! we don’t know yet if we’re going to live in England or Sydney.
As for my family, well unfortunately Gran died a couple of years ago, but (my parents are really well) . Dad retired about three years ago and they’re travelling all over the world these days. They came to see me here a few months ago. And remember my brother Anthony? He’s married now (to Rosie, a girl he met at university) and they’ve got two-year-old twins, so his life’s really changed!
Well, I think that’s all the main news from me. (Do write back – I’d love to hear your news). Maybe we could meet up when I’m back in England!
Take care of yourself. Love Charlotte XXXX
PS I’ve attached some photos of me now
How are things with you? Send them my love, won’t you?
I really hope you’re well. My parents are really well.
Take care of yourself. I decided to drop you a line.
Do write back – I’d love to hear your news. Keep in touch.
PS I’ve attached some photos of me now. How is all your family?
Test Module 1
Choose the correct auxiliary verb
1. Where are / do your parents come from?
2. Johnny is / has sixteen cousins!
3. I really enjoyed the concert, but the others weren’t / didn’t.
4. Have you got any money with you? No, I don’t / haven’t.
5. Where did / were you born?
6. My boyfriend likes my new hairstyle, but my mother isn’t / doesn’t.
7. How is / does your course going?
Which verbs are not correct in the Present continuous? Write the correct Present simple form.
1. Thomas isn’t usually speaking much in class. (doesn’t speak)
2. Paula says she’ll call you back – she’s making a cake.
3. Shhh! The children are having a little rest. (have)
4. Look, it’s getting dark already!
5. I’m not knowing your mother.(know)
6. Harry’s having six older sisters.(have)
7. The city is becoming very expensive.
8. I’m understanding the Present continuous perfectly.(understand)
Which is the correct form of after these expressions? Think of at least three other phrases followed by the same form.
• My sister’s really into jog / jogging / to jog.
• I hate get / getting / to get up early in the winter.
• William’s very good at swim / swimming / to swim.
Write a word for each definition.
1. Your aunt’s son or daughter (cousin) .
2. Your wife’s brother (brother-in-law) .
3. A person who lives near you (neighbor) .
4. A person you work with (colleague) .
5. Someone you know, but not well (acquaintance) .
6. Someone you don’t know (stranger ) .
7. Your mother’s new husband (stepfather) .
8. Your sister’s daughter (niece) .
Match A and B to make phrases.
A B
• Doctors work long (f) A. after the children.
• I need to do (D) B. the Internet most days.
• Take (J) C. about grammar.
• We must keep (I) D. the housework.
• I can look (A) E. full-time.
• I use (B) F. hours.
• How do you spend (H) G. your housework, please.
• My mother works (E) H. your time?
• Do (G) I. in touch.
• She knows a lot (C) J. care of yourself.
Match the phrases in A with the percentages in B.
1. A fifth (E) A. ninety-five percent
2. Almost half (B) B. forty-eight percept
3. The vast majority (A) C. fifty-three percent
4. About two thirds (D) D. sixty-four percent
5. Over half (C) E. twenty percent
Underline the difference grammar points
Sung
In 1972, when I was young, um maybe seven yours old, the President of the United States, President Nixon came to my country, came to China. And one of the places he visited was Datang, which was my city. And I was very good at dancing when I was young so I was chosen from my school to dance, to dance in front of the President. And at the end, we were all standing in line and he stopped when he came to me and I remember he smiled and said ‘Hello’, which was the only English word I knew. And I just said ‘Welcome’, in Chinese, of course. I still remember it very clearly.
Andy
I met my girlfriend while I was working as barman in a disco. And there was this really gorgeous girl in the club and I really wanted to talk to her, but I couldn’t because I was working. Anyways as luck would have it, I was carrying a … a bucket of ice and I dropped it, accidentally, of course, just next to where she was sitting. And well, I said ‘Oh, I’m sorry. I’m really, really sorry.’ And we started chatting and I found out her name was Karen, and in the end she gave me her phone number. We started doing out and we’ve been together for nearly two years.
Raul
A few years ago, there was a football match in my country against Italy, and my friend and I were walking past the hotel where the Italian teams were staying. I wasn’t thinking about that, I was just talking to my friend. Anyway, we were just walking along when I bumped into someone. I suppose I wasn’t really looking where I was going. He was a big man, wearing a tracksuit and I said ‘Oh sorry, sorry’, and I looked and saw that is was Vieri, the Italian footballer. And I was so surprised, I just didn’t know what to day. Then I said ‘Do you mind if we take a photo?’ and he said ‘Yes, OK,’ and I’ve still got the photo to this day, at home.
Gap fill
Complete Julia’s story of how she met her husband, Mark. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past simple or continuous.
I first (met) (meet) Mark nine years ago, at a party at my friend Harry’s house, and we (went) (go) out on our first date three weeks later. Mark was staying (was staying) (stay) with Harry while he (was visiting) (visit) from Boston, and one Sunday Harry (invited) (invite) me to this barbecue in his garden. Mark (was helping) (help) him to get it ready, supposedly, but when I (arrived) (arrive) it was complete chaos! They (were still tidying) (still tidy) the house, and there was no food ready at all , so I (offered) (offer) to help them.
Mark and I (started) (start) chatting while we (were preparing) (prepare) the salad, but I remember thinking he (was) (be) a bit strange because he (asked) (ask) me if I had a boyfriend. I think that Americans are much more direct than the British. Anyway, he (seemed) (seem) a nice guy, and I (liked) (like) him a lot … except for this awful Hawaiian shirt that he (was wearing) (wear) – it was just unbelievable!
Match the beginnings of the sentences in A with the endings in B using when, while or because.
A
1. My dad (give) me a lift. (my dad gave me a lift (e) because it was raining so hard.)
2. My relatives (arrive) (my relatives arrived (a) while we had dinner)
3. The police (stop) him (the police stopped him (g) because he was driving so fast.)
4. It (snow) (it was snowing (f) when I opened curtains this morning.)
5. You (fall) off your bike (you felled off your bike (h) because you weren’t paying attention to the road.)
6. I (wait) for the bus this morning (I was waiting for the bus this morning when Marco drove past me.)
7. Anna (break) her leg (Ann broke her leg (b) when she was skiing in Austria.)
8. I (do) a summer job in a hotel (I was doing a summer job in a hotel (c) when I met my husband.)
B
1. We (have) dinner.
2. she (ski) in Austria.
3. I (meet) my husband.
4. Marco (drive) past me.
5. it (rain) so hard.
6. I (open) my bedroom curtains this morning.
7. he (drive) too fast.
8. you (not pay) attention to the road.
Analysis
Look at the sentences and timeline below. Then choose the correct alternative in the rules a-d.
Andy met his girlfriend while he was working in a bar.
← -----------he was working in a bar ---------- → ---------------------------------------- X ------------------------------------- ] --------------------> future Past he met his girlfriend now
a. Past simple / Past continuous shows complete actions in the story, usually the main events.
b. The Past simple / Past continuous shows actions in progress at a time in the past. They start before and often continue after the main events.
c. We often use while to link these twp tenses. It goes before the Past simple / Past continuous.
d. Listen to Raul again. Another time word we use to link these tenses is (when) . It goes before the Past simple / Past continuous.
Language summary
Past simple
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / he / she / it / we / they worked. I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t work. Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they work?
I / you / he / she / it / we / they left. I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t leave. Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they leave?
Base form + ed.
Irregular verbs are different. Subject + didn’t + base form. Did + subject + base form.
We use the Past simple for states and actions which happened in the past. We often say when the action happened. I saw someone famous yesterday.
The action can be short or long, single or repeated. I dropped the glass and it broke on the floor. He took the train to work every day.
We also use the Past simple to talk about states in the past. When I was young, I loved playing with my toys.
Past continuous
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / he / she / it was working. I / he / she / it wasn’t working. Was I / he / she / it working?
You / we / they were working. You / we / they weren’t working. Were you / we / they working?
1. We use the Past continuous for actions in progress at a time in the past. I was living in London then.
Sometimes this includes a specific time (or another completed past action) We were having breakfast at eight o’clock. I heard the news on the radio while I was driving home.
2. The Past continuous often describes the situation or the background to a story. We use the Past simple for the main events. The sun was shining and I was walking along the road. Suddenly someone shouted to me…
3. Sometimes the Past continuous action is interrupted. They were talking about me when I walked in the room. (= they stopped talking.)
4. We use the Past continuous for actions we see as incomplete. I read a book about Italy ( = I read it all) I was reading a book about Italy on the plane. (= probably didn’t read it all)
Similarities with other continuous forms
Continuous forms describe activities in progress. He’s reading the newspaper. (= he’s in the middle of it) He was reading the newspaper. (= he was in the middle of it)
We use the continuous forms to emphasize that situations are temporary. She’s staying with us at the moment. (= temporary in the present) I was sleeping on a friend a friend’s sofa. (= temporary in the past)
We do not use continuous forms with state verbs. I hated vegetables when I was young.
NOT: I was hating vegetables when I was being young.
Remember the days of the old schoolyard
Remember the days of the old schoolyard We used to laugh a lot Don’t you remember the days of the old schoolyard
When we had imaginings
And we had all kinds of things.
And we laughed .
And needed love
Yes, I do, oh and I remember you
Remember the days of the old schoolyard
We used to cry a lot
Don’t you remember the days of the old schoolyard.
When we had simplicity
And we had warm toast for tea
And we laughed and needed love
Yes, I do, oh and I remember you.
cry had(x4) laughed(x2) needed(x2) remember(x2)
Analysis
1. Which of the following sentences describes:
i) A single action?
ii) Repeated actions / states in the past?
iii) Repeated actions / states in the present?
a. We use to laugh a lot. ( repeated actions in the past)
b. We had(eat) warm toast for tea. (repeated action in the past)
c. We usually have toast for tea. (repeated action in the present)
d. I laughed when I saw him. (a single action in the past)
2. Which of the following sentences describes something that has changed from the past?
Which describes something that hasn’t changed? Underline the time phrases that show this.
• His life isn’t simple anymore / any longer.
• He still needs love.
Rewrite the following sentence twice using each of the time phrases you underlined.
• He thinks about his schooldays.
Language summary
Contrasting past and present
used to
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / he / she / it / we / they used to work. I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t use to work. Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to work?
We use used to for habits and states in the past. I used to go to the gym every day. My sister used to have really long hair.
There is no equivalent form in the present. I usually go to my parents house on Sundays. NOT: I use to go to my parents house on Sundays.
We can always use the Past simple instead of used to. I went to the gym every day. My sister had really long hair.
Not … any longer / not … any more
These phrases mean that an action or state was true in the past, but is not true now. I used to play volleyball, but I don’t any longer. Andrew doesn’t drink coffee any more – it gives him a headache.
Still
We use still when we want to emphasise that an action or state has not stopped or changed, but continues up to the present. I still remember how frightened I was.
1. Which of the following sentences are true about your schooldays? (if you are still in school, think about your primary schooldays).
1. I used to love school.
2. I still remember the names of all my teachers.
3. I used to be frightened of some of the teachers.
4. I used to be frightened of some of the bigger children.
5. I still see my friends from those days.
6. I used to be very good at maths.
7. My work used to be very neat and tidy.
8. I still have my exercise books from school.
9. I always used to do my homework.
10. I never used to get into trouble.
11. I used to love sport and games.
12. I don’t do sport anymore.
2. Think back to your life when you were ten years old. What are the difference and similarities between your life then and now? Think about:
• Your home.
• Your likes and dislikes (food, sports, animals, etc.)
• Your skill and abilities.
• Your personality (confident, studious, etc.)
• Your fears and worries.
• The lives of your parents and family.
3. A) Listen to Justin’s story again and answer the following questions.
How old was Justin at the time of the story? Who was Carl Foster and why didn’t Justin like him? What did Justin his friends use to do after lunch? How did he hurt himself? Why does Justin say ‘it serves him right’ at the end?
B) Listen to Helen’s story again and answer the following questions.
Where did Helen and her family spend their holidays when she was a child? Why did she get angry with the machine? Why did the manager come out of the office? What did Helen’s brother tell her would happen? Why was she frightened for the rest of the holiday?
4. Add the missing prepositions.
• interested (in)
• struggle (for)
• focus (on)
• think (about)
• associated (with)
• add (to)
• listen (to)
• sit (down/ on)
5. The verbs on the left are related to memory. Cross out the phrases which cannot follow each verb.
REMEMBER to phone someone when something happened someone to phone you new words
LEARN how to do something someone how to use a computer something by heart a language
REMIND someone to do something someone about an appointment someone of another person to phone someone
FORGET to do something someone’ birthday of something about something
RECOGNISE a piece of music someone’s handwriting someone to do something
LOSE a game your money a bus your glasses
6. Complete the questions with one word, if necessary.
1. Have you learn how to drive yet?
2. Did anyone important forget x your birthday this year?
3. Have you ever lost x a large amount of money?
4. Who usually reminds you to do things?
5. At school, what kind of things did you have to learn by heart?
6. Can you remember anything about when you were three? What can you remember?
7. Have you forgotten to do anything important this week?
8. Is there anyone in your class who reminds you of someone famous?
9. Do you usually recognize x pop songs quickly?
10. Is there anyone that you must remember to phone today?
11. Are you competitive? Do you get upset if you lose x games or competitions?
12. Have you ever seen anyone well-known in the street? How did you recognize x him / her?
Short questions to show interest
There are formed by inverting the auxiliary verb and the subject in the first sentence.
• Shirley’s having a baby!
• Is she?
In Present simple and Past simple affirmative sentence where there is no auxiliary verb, we use do, does or did with the appropriate pronoun.
• Her parents went to China last year for their holidays.
• Did they?
Tom and Kirstin
T: … and I realized we were completely lost, but at least we got there in the end. K: Funny you should say that, because… er a similar thing happened to me one time when I was ` abroad. We were actually doing a concert in this bar in Germany… T: Really?
K: I was actually about to appear on stage, y’know with the band, and I just thought well, ` ` ` y’know, I’ll go out for a little walk… T: Yeah, yeah.
K: Get some fresh air, as I had about half an hour before we had to go on… T: Un-huh.
K: and I went outside, y’know, had a look around, walked around for a bit and then I decided to ` go back, and I was… er, I couldn’t find it. I’d taken a wrong turn or something and I was ` ` walking round. It was about two minutes before we were supposed to start… T: No! You’re joking!
K: Yeah, I thought ‘Argh! What am I going to do? T: couldn’t you ask for directions?
K: Well, I tried. I asked this old woman, but she didn’t speak English and I don’t’ speak German. T: Don’t you? Oh, right.
K: And then I realized that I couldn’t remember the name of the bar, or the street it was in, or ` ` anything. So, y’know, I was in the middle of a town I didn’t know, not knowing the ` ` ` ` ` language…
T: So what… what happened? How did you get back? K: I mean I was just standing thinking ‘What am I gonna do?’ and luckily I saw someone ` ` ` ` ` wearing one of our T-shirts. He was obviously going to the gig, to the concert, so I sort of ` ` ` followed him back to the bar…
T: Wow! That was lucky! Thank goodness. K: And when I got there the guys were like ‘Where’ve you been? We’d thought you’d run out ` ` ` on us.’ Anyway we managed…
She saw the rest of the group. (9) She couldn’t find the bar. (5) She decided to go for a walk. (1) She followed the man. (8) She walked around for a bit. (3) She saw someone in a “Stean Patrol” T-shirt. (7) She spoke to a woman. (6) She decided to return to the bar. (4) She left the bar. (2)
Test Module 2
1. All the sentences below are in the Past simple. Which sentences refer to:
a. An action which happened at a specific time? (2)
b. A state? (5)
c. A short, single action in the past? (1)
d. A repeated action in the past? (3)
e. A long action in the past? (4)
1. He put the money on the table.
2. They got back from holiday last night.
3. I often walked to school as a child.
4. It rained for three days without stopping.
5. I felt very homesick at first.
2. Which verbs are not correct in the Past continuous? Write the correct Past simple ` ` ` form.
a. At 7: 30 I was having breakfast in the kitchen. (√ )
b. It was raining hard when we were arriving at the station (arrived)
c. I was sitting at home when the doorbell was ringing (rang)
d. We were having such a great time we weren’t wanting to go home. ( didn’t want)
e. I was driving home when I was hearing the news on the radio. (heard)
f. At the age of eighteen, I was liking all kinds of sport. (liked)
3. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
any more still use used
a. We (used) to have such a lot of fun when we went out together.
b. I didn’t (use) to like Thai food, but I do now.
c. Mr. Franks doesn’t work here (any) longer.
d. Once there was a dug factory here, but there isn’t any (more) .
e. There are (still) some beautiful old buildings in the town centre.
4. Write the correct short question (Do, you?, Is she? etc,).
a. I’m really tired today, (are you) ?
b. I saw Paula last night, (did you) ?
c. He was wearing an awful shirt, (was he) ?
d. My parents were happy to meet you, (were they) ?
e. They didn’t like the film, (didn’t they) ?
5. Choose the correct alternative.
a. Did you forget / learn / remember to call your sister?
b. Florence always recognizes / reminds / remembers me of her father.
c. I’m trying to learn / remember / remind the words of the song by heart.
d. It seems that the young man forgot / lost / remembered his memory as a result of the crash.
e. I almost didn’t forget / recognize / learn her – she’s really changed!
6. Match the verbs in A with the prepositions in B.
a. interested ( 4 ) 1. about
b. listen ( 5 ) 2. on
c. focus ( 2 ) 3. down
d. sit ( 3 ) 4. in
e. struggle ( 6 ) 5. to
f. think ( 1 ) 6. With
my struggle on power
Well my struggle on (with) power started when I became the king on (in) a country called Zungali. I was 22 years old and I was very interested of (in) carom. One day while I was playing the game a wise man came to me and said, ‘You will be king this time next week.’ Then he turned around and walked away. I didn’t listen for (to) the man because I thought he was talking rubbish, I just continued with my game. Later that night however, I started thinking to (of) what the man had said at (to) me. I didn’t sleep that whole night.
The next week came and a man came to me and said, ‘Young man you are now the king of Zungali.’ I had to sit off because I was so shocked. Later that day I was crowned the king of Zungali and still to this day I am not sure how I became king, or why. Perhaps it was because I am so very handsome!
Anyway for the next year I had to rule my country. It was a very difficult thing to do because I had to make sure that every person in my country was happy and adding for this I had to make sure that every other country was happy with the way I ran my country. So I focussed very hard in (on) making sure that everyone was fed and that everyone had a home. Now I am forty five years old and my country’s people are very happy, which makes me very happy too.
All around the world quiz
1) Which is the largest country in the world (in area) – China or Russia?
2) Which has a bigger population – China or Russia?
3) Which is longer – the River Nile in Africa or the River Amazon in South America?
4) Which are the five most populated cities in the world? (Tokyo, Mexico, Mumbai, Sao Paulo in Brazil, and New York)
5) Which country has the longest coastline in the world – Australia, Canada, Indonesia or Greece?
6) Which of these US cities is the furthest North – Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles or New York?
7) Which is further South – San Francisco or Los Angeles?
8) Match the descriptions to the countries below. (There are several extra countries.)
a) It has the most fast-food restaurants in the world. (China)
b) They drink the most cups of tea per person in the world. (Ireland)
a) It has the most universities in the world. (India)
b) It has the busiest airport in the world. (the UK)
c) It is the most popular country in the world with tourists. (France)
d) It has the most popular theme park in the world. (Japan)
China, France, India, Ireland, Japan, Russia, Spain, the UK, the USA.
Add two words to each sentence to complete the information from the quiz. Use the correct form of the adjectives in brackets.
a) The Nile is only slightly longer (long) than the Amazon.
b) Seoul is the most populated (populated) city in the world.
c) Mumbai is a little bit bigger (big) than Sao Paulo.
d) Moscow is the biggest (big) city in the world.
e) The coast of Canada is much/ a lot longer (long) than the coast of Indonesia.
f) Los Angeles is a little bit further (far) south than San Francisco.
g) India has a much bigger (big) university than any other countries.
h) France is much more popular (popular) with tourists than the USA.
i) London has the busiest (busy) airport in the world.
j) Japan has the most popular (popular) theme park in the world.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
One-syllable adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in –y.
Adjective Comparative
Adjective + er Superlative
The + adjective + est
old
big
large
friendly older
bigger
larger
friendlier the oldest
the biggest
the largest
the friendliest
Other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives.
crowded
boring
interesting
polluted more crowded
more boring
more interesting
more polluted the most crowded
the most boring
the most interesting
the most polluted
Irregular forms
bad
good
far worse
better
further / farther The worst
The best
The furthest / farthest
REMEMBER!!
With shorter vowels the final consonant doubles.
thin - thinner - the thinnest
If the adjective ends in –e, we only add –r or –st.
fine - finer - finest
-y changes to –ier and –iest.
busy - busier - busiest
Large and small differences
If there is a large difference between two objects, we can use far, much, and a lot. far
Russia is a lot bigger than Belgium
Much
For small differences, we can use a little (bit), or slightly. a little
France is a little bit bigger than Spain.
slightly
Comparative phrases with superlatives
by far the most… / est Brazil is by far the largest city in South America.
one of the most… / -est Baghdad is one of the oldest cities in the world.
the second / third most… / -est Birmingham is the second biggest city in England.
the least The coach is the least expensive way to get to the airport.
REMEMBER!!
The superlative phrases are often followed by in + place.
Buenos Aires is the biggest city in Argentina.
Vocabulary
canals and bridges cliffs layers of rock neon light extravagant rocks coconut trees paintings and sculptures temples turquoise sea white sand
Work in groups. Find these pieces of information as quickly as possible.
a. The names of two famous people married in Las Vegas. (Elvis Presley and Richard Gere)
b. The age of the city of Petra. (more than 2,000 years ago)
c. The name of the largest island in Thailand. (Phuket)
d. Two ‘ancient monuments’ you can find in Las Vegas.
e. The name of the second most popular natural wonder. (Mountain lying down)
f. Two things you will find in Doge’s Palace. (paintings and sculptures)
g. The number of people who die falling into the Grand Canyon every year. (an average of five people fall over the edge.)
h. The nationality of the traveler who found Petra about 200 years ago. (a Swiss traveler)
i. Three things you can do on Koh Samui. (great shopping, first-class restaurants and an exciting night-life)
j. The number of bridges in Venice. (400 bridges)
Listen to Michael and Irina. Mark the things in the box they mention, I for Irina and M for Michael.
Economic problems (M) Street names (M) Tourists (I)
Language(s) spoken ( I, M) How clean / dirty the city is (I) Pace of life (M)
New shops and buildings (I) Traffic and driving (I, M) Standard of living, prices, etc.(I,M)
Choose the correct alternative. Then listen again and check.
Hong Kong
a. Daily life in Hong Kong feels very different / more or less the same as how it was before.
b. Michael thinks Hong Kong seems more / less Chinese now.
c. The standard of living in Hong Kong is very similar / very different.
d. The streets look slightly / completely different from before.
Moscow
a. The streets of Moscow look slightly / completely different from the old days.
b. Irina thinks Moscow feels more / less Russian.
c. The traffic in Moscow is much worse than / more or less the same as before.
d. Prices in Moscow are very similar to / very different from before.
100 places to visit before you die
Natural wonder 1st the Grand Canyon, USA
Known to native Americans as the ‘Mountain lying down’, the Grand Canyon stretches for 443 kilometres where the Colorado River cuts through northwest Arizona. The Canyon is a baby by geological standards – only five or six million years old, although the rocks at the bottom are almost two billion years old. It is the incredible colors of these different layers of rock that delight visitors – over five million of them a year. Surprisingly though, after making the long journey there, the average visitor spends only fifteen minutes looking at the Canyon. Even so, visitors should still be careful: very year an average of five people fall over the edge. A viewer’s opinion: ‘It’s incredible, you feel as if you have died and gone to heaven.’
Ancient wonder 1st Petra, Jorndon
The location for a number of Hollywood films, including Indiana Jones and the last crusade, the city of Petra was built in rock cliffs more than 2,000 years ago, and was once an important commercial city. Temples, theatres and a large amphitheatre were all cut out of the cliffs, whose amazing colors give the city it’s rose-red appearance. Historians believe that the citizens of Petra had to abandon it around 551 AD and this incredible archaeological site was forgotten by the West, until a Swiss traveler ‘rediscovered’ it in 1812. A viewer’s opinion: ‘It’s very difficult to imagine how enormous and how splendid it is from photographs – you just have to see it in person. It’ll blow your mind!’
Romantic city 1st Venice, Italy
What could be more romantic than going down a Venetian canal in a gondola? No wonder Venice is the favourite of lovers all over the world. this unique city is located on 118 flat islands, and has over 200 canals and 400 bridges. Visit Piazza San Marco, one of the most beautiful squares in the world with it’s 500-year-old buildings, and marvel at eh Basilica of St Mark, and the Doge’s Palace, the home of many of Venice’s most famous paintings and sculptures. A viewers opinion: ‘Imagine going back in time to a life without cars, where magnificent art and architecture were all around you – this is what you experience when you go to Venice.’
Modern city 1st Las Vegas, USA
A surprising choice as your favorite city, Las Vegas means the ‘meadows’ in Spanish, but meadows are probably the only thing you can’t find here. Even for those who aren’t interested in gambling, Las Vegas is one of the most exciting cities in the world. ‘The strip’, in the centre of town, is five kilometers of the most extravagant hotels you will ever see, including replicas of the Eiffel Tower, the Egyptian Pyramids and ancient Roman Palaces. It uses almost 24,000 kilometres of neon lights! Famous for it’s ‘quickie’ weddings (both Elvis Presley and Richard Gere were married here) you can even arrange a ‘drive through wedding’ and be back in the casinos in an hour! A viewer’s opinion: ‘There can be no other place like this on earth – it’s like entering a cartoon world.
Beach 1st Koh Samui, Thailand
A tropical paradise located in the warm blue waters to the southeast of Thailand. Although it is the kingdom’s second largest island after Phiket, it was unknown to tourists until a few years ago. Easy to reach from Bangkok, it is covered with coconut trees and brightly-colored flowers and is surrounded by white sand beaches and turquoise seas. Whether you want remote beaches, great shopping, first-class restaurants or an exciting night-life, you’ll find it on Koh Samui. A viewers opinion: ‘The most perfect paradise island in the Far East – such friendly people and good food! Everyone should go there before they die, but hopefully not at the same time!
Other ways of making comparisons
Not as … as Silver isn’t as expensive as gold.
If there is only a small difference we can use quite. Linda isn’t quite as tall as her sister.
Comparing two things which are the same Susan is as tall as her mother.
Less Less is the opposite of more. Petrol is less expensive than it is in Europe.
Making comparisons with nouns Rome has more historic buildings than any city I know. There’s less space in this room than in the other one. There were fewer people in my old class.
We use fewer with countable and less with uncountable nouns.
Other useful expressions for comparing things
If two things are nearly the same: Their new car is very similar to their old one. The train times are about the same as before.
If there is no difference between two things: His watch is exactly the same as mine.
If there is a small difference between two things: The new timetable is slightly different from the previous one.
If there is a big difference between two things: The new stadium is completely different from the old one.
Match the adjectives on the left with the prepositions on the right.
1. Different than (3)
2. The same to (4)
3. Worse as (2)
4. Similar from (1)
Put the phrases in the best place on the line.
very different from very similar to
exactly the same as slightly different from
about the same as completely different from
←------------------------------------------------------------------→ same different A B C D E F G H I
A. (exactly the same as)
B. (the same as)
C. (about the same as)
D. (very similar to)
E. (similar to)
F. (slightly different from)
G. (different from )
H. (very different from)
I. (completely different from)
Fill in the gaps after listening to the tape.
a. I think you’ll really (like) Melbourne.
b. I don’t think (you’ll have time) to go to Perth.
c. Personally (I’d fly) from Melbourne to Alice Springs.
d. I’d (recommend staying) about two days or so.
e. You’ve got to stay at least (four or five) days.
f. Personally , I’d stay on an island.
g. You (should have) , the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney.
they’re (worth seeing) .
Useful language
Recommending places, food, etc You must see… You should definitely visit / try … I’d recommend … Personally, I’d … … is really worth seeing.
Recommending not to do things I wouldn’t recommend … Personally, I wouldn’t … It’s too far / too crowded, etc.
Describing place It’s famous for … It’s one of the most beautiful (beach) in … It’s on the way to …
Responding It sounds amazing / really interesting! So how long should we stay in …
Listen and complete the notes Rachael made. (the information in the recording is not in the same order as below.) Then check your answers in pairs.
How much? (£ 979) return (Iberia)
Depart London Heathrow on ( 3rd ) April at 9: 15 arrive Buenos Aires at (6: 50) on (5th) April (1 hour stopover in (Madrid) )
17th April – depart Buenos Aires at (13: 35) arrive Madrid at 6: 10 (18th). Depart Madrid at 7: 00 arrive London Gatwick at (8: 20) .
Can hold for (two) days.
Phone Jude on 202 (78,879,345) .
Match the two halve of the sentences. Then practice saying them.
a. When do you want (e) full, I’m afraid.
b. And coming back (d) instead?
c. How many (b) when?
d. I’ll just check (h) flight from Madrid.
e. It’s completely (d) availability.
f. Can you try the 3rd of April (a) to travel?
g. I can do it for £ 979 return (j) two days
h. It’s a twelve hour (c) seats do you want?
i. There’s an hour stopover (g) including taxes.
j. I can hold it for (i) in Madrid.
For the nouns below write the adjectives.
sand (sandy) peace (peaceful) industry (industrial) pollution (polluted) excite (exciting) noise (noisy) beauty (beauty) smell (smelly)
Write in the correct prepositions.
When I was about 10 years old, I lived in a small village (in) the southeast of Ireland. It was a very beautiful village but I didn’t want to live there anymore. So when I turned 11 years old I left my home and headed east. I crossed the ocean and reached Europe.
In Europe I found a lovely place called Londrough which was near the border (with) France, and about 200 miles (from) Germany. The place was amazing and it had the most beautiful building I had ever seen, in fact, the town was well-known (for) it’s architectural excellence.
Correct the following sentences;
1. The Atlantic Ocean is not as big (as) the Pacific Ocean.
2. Your hands are dirtyer (dirtier) than mine.
3. Albert Einstein is intelligenter (more intelligent) than me.
4. Nobody is (as) rich as the Queen of England.
5. This is the cheaper (the cheapest) car on the market.
6. Who is (the) fastest man in the world?
7. That restaurant is (the) best in town.
8. Julia Roberts is more pretty (prettier) than my grandmother.
9. The Ferrari is the faster (the fastest) car of all.
10. I am as taller as (as tall as) you.
11. Where are the more (the most) beautiful beaches in the world?
12. China is bigger (than) India.
13. Athens is one of (the) oldest cities in the world.
14. Who is the better (the best) lawyer in town?
15. Is ice heavier that (than) water?
Put words into the correct order;
16. hotel hotel this the than last cleaner is (this hotel is cleaner than last hotel.)
17. is Boston city older or Rome which the? (Which is the older city Boston or Rome?)
18. not not Casablanca is as Paris as (Casablanca isn’t as hot as Paris.)
19. in tallest world the Mt. Everest mountain is the (Everest mountain is the tallest Mt. in the world.)
20. important are more politics education than? (Politics are more important than education?)
Write the questions for the answers given;
21. Ms. Sanchez is the best teacher. (Who is the best teacher?)
22. Michael is stupider than Max. (Who is stupider than Max?)
23. No, Cuba is smaller than Madagascar. (Which is smaller than Madagascar?)
24. No, geometry is not as difficult as algebra. (Isn’t geometry as difficult as algebra?)
25. No, I am older than Rita. (Am I older than Rita?)
26. Argentina is colder than Panama. (Which is older Argentina or Panama?)
27. Brazil is bigger than Peru. (Which is bigger Brazil or Peru?)
28. 21: 00 is later than 8: 00 pm. (Which is later 21: 00 or 8: 00 pm?)
29. Mountain climbing is more dangerous than reading. (Which is more difficult mountain climbing or reading?)
Test: Module 3
1) Write the opposites of the phrases below, using the adjectives in brackets.
a. the smallest (big) the biggest .
b. the quietest (busy) the busiest .
c. nearer than (far) further than .
d. the most polluted (clean) the cleanest .
e. better than (bad) worse than .
f. the easiest (difficult) the most difficult .
g. more interesting than (boring) more boring than .
2) Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
bit by lot one much slightly
a. Louis is (by) far the most experienced player we’ve got.
b. Michael is (one) of the best young musicians in the country.
c. Surprisingly, the trip is only (slightly) more expensive if you travel first class.
d. Since they moved house, Mark and Carla have been (much) happier.
e. Tomorrow’s weather will be just a little (bit) cooler than today.
f. Marianne is a (lot) more relaxed since her holiday.
3) Replace the underlined words with the correct word.
a. He’s not as intelligent (as) like his sister.
b. This question isn’t quiet (quite) as easy as the last one.
c. Life here is least (less) expensive than in the city.
d. People seem to have fewer (less) time than they used to.
e. The new library looks very similar than (to) the old one.
f. The two designs are complete (completely) different – you can’t compare them.
g. The school is very different as (from) the old one.
h. This bag is exact (exactly) the same as yours.
4) Choose the correct preposition.
a. It’s on / in / at the southeast.
b. It’s about 150 km away / from / of Mexico City.
c. It’s near the border at / in / with Turkey.
d. The city of Liverpool stands at / in / on the River Mersey.
e. The city of Petra is famous by / for / of it’s ancient ruins.
f. It’s a small town in / of / on the east coast of Australia.
5) Write the adjective from these nouns.
a. industry (industrial)
b. history (historic)
c. crowd (crowded)
d. romance (romantic)
e. pollution (polluted)
Life stories
1. Read the text again and tick the statements that are true about Professor Bouchard’s research.
a) He contacted both identical and non-identical twins separated at birth. (T)
b) He collected as much information about them as he could. (T)
c) He found that the similarities between Terry and Margaret were very unusual. (F)
d) He found that twins that are brought up together always have more in common than twins that are brought up separately.
e) He doesn’t think upbringing has an important influence on personality. (F)
f) He has found than genes can influence:
• The things we do in our free time.
• How intelligence we are.
• Our political opinions.
• The illnesses we have.
• The things we like and dislike.
2. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
• Which of the similarities between the ‘Jim Twins’ do you find the most amazing?
• Which of the similarities do you think might be genetic, and which must be a coincidence?
• Which do you think is more important to our personality- our genes or our upbringing?
3. Choose the correct verb form. Then listen and check the answers.
The world’s Most Successful Twins
Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen are the most successful twins in the world, and they are still teenagers. Read the fact file below:
• The twins (1) were / have been born in Oakwood, California on 13th June 1986.
• They (2) were / have been TV stars all their lives. They (3) appeared / have appeared in their first TV show, the popular sitcom Full House at the age of just nine months!
• At the age of six, they (4) started / have started their own production company, becoming the youngest Hollywood producers in history.
• They (5) appeared / have appeared in Full House for eight years. The show (6) finally ended / has finally ended in 1995.
• Since 1995, the twins (7) became / have become famous worldwide and have fan websites in dozens of languages.
• They (8) published / have published their first book about twelve years ago: so far, their books (9) sold / have sold more than thirty million copies, and (10) made / have made more than $ 130 million.
• The twins (11) also produced / have also produced their own clothing, jewellery, make-up and perfumes ranges.
• So far the twins (12) built up / have built up a fortune of at least $150 million each, and in 2003 they (13) were / have been the world’s highest paid TV stars.
1. Match the people in the photos to the texts below and write their names on the dotted lines. Then put the verbs in the correct form.
a) In 1965 M P, T J (1) wrote (write) the most popular song of all time, Yesterday. There (2) had been (be) over 2,500 cover versions since then.
b) Since he (3) died (die) in 1977, Elvis Presley (4) has had (have) thirty-one hit singles! During his lifetime he (5) has (have) over sixty hits, including eighteen number ones.
c) With a career lasting more than thirty years, Jack Nicholson is still a major Hollywood actor. He (6) has received (receive) Oscar nominations- more than any other actor in the history of Hollywood- and he had won (win) three Oscars. He (8) won (win) the Best Actor Award in 1975 for One Flew Over the Cookoo’s Nest, and again in 1997 for As Good as it Gets, and in 1983 he (9) received (receive) the Best Supporting Actor Award for Terms of Endearment.
d) Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslate (10) stared (star) in the most successful film of all time, Titanic. Since its release in 1997, the film (11) had made (make) around $2 billion. However, it (12) cost (cost) over $200 million to make the most expensive film ever!
2. Complete the gaps with the Present perfect of the verbs in the box.
Change finish(x2) go (x2) lose (x2) meet see
1. Have You seen my glasses anywhere?
2. I have lost my glasses.
3. You have changed your hair – it’s really nice!
4. You have lost weight, haven’t you?
5. She was here – perhaps she has just gone out for a minute.
6. She has gone / went home. She left about ten minutes ago.
7. We have finished yet. Just a minute.
8. George, have you met Silvina?
Parallel lives
Margaret Richardson and Terry Connelly have almost identical taste in clothes, both have four children of more or less the same age, and both were married on exactly the same day. Not surprising, perhaps, Margaret and Terry are identical twins. What is surprising is that they didn’t even meet until they were in their children were born.
It is well known that twins are closer than most brothers and sisters – after all, they spend more time in each other’s company. Occasionally, this closeness becomes extreme: for example, Grace and Virginia Kennedy who as children invented their own language: or Greta and Freda Chapman who can speak the same words at the same time in the same voice., as if linked by telepathy.
But what happens if, like Terry and Margaret, identical twins are separated at birth and brought up in different families? Will their shared genes still mean that they have a lot in common? Professor Tom Bouchard from the University of Minnesota, set out to find the answer to this question. He traced more than a hundred pairs of twins who were adopted by different parents at birth, sixty-four of whom were identical twins. Each twin was then tested and interviewed about every detail of their life and personality.
It turned out that Margaret and Terry were not unusual. As well as looking very similar, many twins had the same IQ, the same health problems, the same attitudes and even the same tastes. Several pairs of twins arrived at their first meeting in the same clothes, and one pair of middle-aged women were wearing identical jewellary. Others had made the same career choices: jerry and Mark Levy first met in their thirties to discover that they were both firefighters, who drank the same kind of beer and weighed exactly the same.
However, the most incredible story is that of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis from Ohio in the USA – in fact, the ‘Jim Twins’ made headline news across the USA when they finally met up at the age of thirty-nine. Born to a poor immigrant woman in 1939, they were adopted by different families when they were a few days old, and both were named Jim by their new families. This was just the first in an almost unbelievable number of similarities in their lives. (see below)
Of course, some of this must be coincidence. But professor Bouchard has come to a remarkable conclusion. Identical twins brought up separately are more similar than non-identical twins brought up together. ‘I am not saying that upbringing doesn’t matter – it’s very important of course – but this research shows that oour genes influence almost every part of our lives: they influence our IQ, our hobbies; our personalities, our political attitudes, our health, even the clothes and food we like.
The remarkable ‘Jim Twins’
TWO PICTURES OF TWINS
• Both grew up with an adopted brother called Larry.
• As children they both had dogs called Toy.
• Both men were divorced and remarried. Both first wives were called Linda, and both second wives were called Betty.
• Both had a first son called James Alan.
• Both were 184 cm tall and weighed 83 kg.
• Both loved motor racing and hated baseball.
• Both had the same handwriting and the same facial expressions.
• Both took their holidays at the same beach in Florida every year.
• Even their homes and gardens were very similar.
• In 2002, both men died of the same illness, on the same day.
Present perfect simple
Positive form Negative form Question form
I/ you / we / they’ve (=have) worked. I / you / we / they haven’t (= have not) worked. Have I / you / we / they worked?
He / she / it’s (=has) worked He / she / it hasn’t (=has not) worked Has / he / she / it worked?
Subject + have/has + past participle Subject + haven’t / hasn’t + past participle Have/has + subject + past participle
We use the Present perfect to talk about the past and the present together. The past action or situation is connected to the present in various ways.
1. The state or action continues from the past to the present.
I’ve known her for many years. (= I still know her now.)
2. The results of the past action are important in the present. He’s lost his key. (= he doesn’t have it now.)
3. The time reference in the sentences includes the present.
He’s been ill all this week. (= this week isn’t finished.)
4. When we mean ‘in my whole life’: we do not give a specific time. I’ve been to Spain lots of times. (= in my whole life)
Present perfect versus Past simple
4. We use the Past simple for completed actions that are in the past. Marilyn Monroe was married three times. (=she is dead.) As a child, I spent a lot of time with my grandparents. (= I am an adult now.)
Compare these to similar Present perfect sentences. My friend has been married three times – and she’s only thirty. (her life is not finished) I’ve spent a lot of time abroad this year. (= this year is not finished.)
5. Whether or not we use the Present perfect or Past simple often depends on how we see the action. If we see if as related to the present, we use the Present perfect. If we see it as finished and in the past, we use the Past simple, even if we do not mention the time. Compare the following sentences: John’s had an accident! – they’ve taken him to hospital. John had an accident – but he’s okay now.
Time words with the Present perfect and Past simple
1. Time words often found with the Past simple a) Ago: five minutes ago, three months ago, a thousand years ago. b) Questions with when: When did you see him? c) Specific times in the past: yesterday, last night, last week.
2. Time words often found with the Present perfect.
a) Periods of time which are still in progress: all my life, this week, this year
b) Already, yet (=before now)
c) Ever (= any time in the past until now)
Have you ever met anyone famous?
Remember We use yet in questions and negatives to talk about actions that haven’t happened in the past, but we think could happen in the future. Compare the following sentences: Maria hasn’t phoned. (= and maybe she won’t) Maria hasn’t phoned yet. (= but she probably will later.)
There are many words or phrases which can take either the Present perfect or Past simple according to the context. I spoke to Robert this morning. (= it is afternoon/ evening now) He was in prison for many years. (= he is not in prison now) I’ve never been to China. (= in my life until now)
Present perfect continuous
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / we / they’ve been (= have been) working. I / you / we / they haven’t been (=have not been) working. Have I / you / we / they been working?
He / she / it’s been (= has been) working. He / she / it hasn’t been (= has not been) working. Has he / she / it been working?
Sub + have / has + been + ing Subject + haven’t / hasn’t + been + ing Have / has +subject + been + ing
The present perfect continuous is like the Present perfect simple in nearly all ways. However, we use the Present perfect continuous if:
1. We want to emphasize that the action is long or repeated.
She’s been trying to pass her driving test for years.
2. The action is in progress / not complete. Compare the following sentences:
I’ve been doing some work. (=perhaps it’s not finished)
I’ve done my homework. (=it is finished)
3. The action is temporary
He’s been working in a bar this summer. (=but afterwards, he’s going to university)
Like other continuous forms, we do not use it with ‘state’ verbs. I’ve known Anne, all my life. NOT: I’ve been knowing Anne all my life.
Remember:
We often use for and since with the Present perfect and Present perfect continuous. We use for to talk about a period of time. (=how long?) I’ve known him for several years. We use since to talk about a point of time. (=when?) I’ve known him since 2002.
Have you ever … ?
• meet a famous person
• sing in a choir
• win a prize / a competition
• any money
• go to the ballet/ the opera/ a classical concert
• visit a country/ a city/ a famous monument • see a famous singer/ group perform live
• learn a musical instrument
• be on TV/ in a newspaper/ in a play
• go parachuting/ skiing/ sailing
• drive a bus/ a lorry/ a sports car
• climb a high mountain/ a building • play in a group
• break your arm/ your leg/ something very valuable
• lose a lot of money/ your mobile phone/ a credit card/ an important document
• steal anything!
• ride a horse/ a cannel/ a motorbike
Use these ideas to ask and answer questions about what you and your partner have done. For example:
A: Have you ever been in a newspaper? B: Yes, I was in a newspaper when my school won a prize. A: Really? So have I! I was in a swimming tournament. Have you ever won any money? B: No, I haven’t. A: Okay, that’s one for me – I won some money on the lottery last year…
Life Events Quiz
4. which phrases need a:
buy house get degree get job move house go to university leave home start school
5. which doesn’t take get?
Children divorced engaged promoted
6. Match the verbs with the most common noun/ adjective combination.
a) become an exam (c)
b) bring up an exam (f)
c) fail children (b)
d) lose a house (g)
e) make money (e)
f) pass your job (d)
g) rent very successful (a)
7. Complete the sentences with to, with or from.
b) He got married to his son’s ex-wife!
c) Unfortunately, he’s just split up with his girlfriend.
d) She’s been engaged to her boyfriend for four years.
e) She’s got divorced from her first husband after just six months.
Lifelines
1. Use the lifeline and complete the following sentences. Where necessary, complete the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a) Sara was born in Alatri 30 years ago.
b) She moved (move) to Rome in 1995 .
c) She’s been playing volleyball for fourteen years.
d) She worked as a radio announcer for one year .
e) She’s lived in Rome since 1999 .
f) She met (meet) her boyfriend when she was at school.
g) She’s lived in her present house since 2003 .
h) She has known (know) Gianluigi for more than ten years.
i) She’s been learning English since 1998.
j) She has been studying (study) medicine since 1999.
k) She has had (have) her car since 2001.
2. for, since and ago
a) i) Which tenses is used with ago?
ii) Change these time phrases so they use ago.
last Tuesday 3 days ago . 6: 00 this morning 6 hours ago .
last August 1 year ago . 2001 8 years ago .
1965 49 years ago .
b) Look at sentences c and e in Exercise 1. For and since are often used with the Presen perfect simple and the Present perfect continuous. What is the difference between for and since? Decide which of these time phrases go with for and since.
for twenty years since I was born since 1990
Since six o’clock for a long time for five minutes
c) Notice we also use for the Past simple if the time period is finished. Find an example of this in Exercise 1.
3. Read more about Sara and her family. Complete the gaps with the correct form of the verbs and circle the correct alternatives.
a) Sara (1) has driven (drive) (2) for / since nearly six years. She first (3) took (take) her driving test in 1999, but unfortunately she (4) didn’t pass (not pass) first time!
b) Sara’s brother (5) studied (study) economics (6) for / since five years, and a few weeks ago he (7) started (start) working in an international bank.
c) Sara’s mother (8) has been (be) a maths teacher (9) for / since over twenty years. Last Christmas she (10) was (be) promoted to head of department, and (11) for / since then she (12) has been working (work) really long hours.
d) Sara’s father (13) worked (work) for a bank for over thirty years, but two years ago he (14) retired (retire). However, he (15) has been (be) very busy (16) for / since then. Not long ago he (17) bought (buy) an old boat, and (18) for / since the last few months he (19) has been paint it.
Useful Language: Explaining way you admire someone
• She’s the kind of person who always (does what she thinks is right).
• He’s someone who (has done a lot to help others).
• She’s achieved so much …
• He’s got very strong principles …
• She’s exceptionally talented / creative …
• I really admire the way he …
Write note based on the following:
• basic facts (who he / she is, how you know them)
• What they’ve achieved
• What qualities the person has
• why you admire them
wordspot: take
1) a) The following phrases with take all feature in this module. Do you remember the meaning of each phrase?
• Which of your parents/ grandparents do you take after?
• Both took their holidays at the same beach in Florida every year.
• She first took her driving test in 1999, but unfortunately she didn’t pass first time!
• Take turns to give your talks to the class.
•
b) Tick the phrases in A if the meaning in B is correct. If the meaning in B in incorrect, then explain what the difference if. Work in pairs.
A B
1. take after look or behave like (√)
2. take a holiday have a holiday (√)
3. take a test / an exam pass an exam (x)
4. take up a sport / hobby begin a sport / hobby (√)
5. take a picture paint a picture (x)
6. take someone out for a meal invite someone out for a meal (x)
7. take a train catch a train (√)
8. take care of look after (√)
9. take off(clothes) put on (clothes) (x)
10. take part in participate in (√)
11. take over take control (√)
12. take notes write notes (√)
Student A
Read through the questions below and check you understand them. Then take turns with Student B asking and answering questions.
a) Who do you take after more – your mother or your father?
b) Do you always take notes in your English lessons?
c) When was the last time you were taken out for a meal? Who paid? What was the meal like?
d) Are there any sports you would like to take up? What are they?
e) Have you ever taken part in a public performance or concert? Where was it? What happened?
f) If the leader of your country fell ill, who would take over?
Hollywood
In 1911 the small peaceful village of Hollywood (has voted / voted) to become part of Los Angeles because it (had / was) having problems with its water supply. Today, nearly a hundred years (ago / later), this same village (grows / has grown) into the home of one the most glamorous industries in the world – the American film industry. With this growth (came / were coming) many other well-known symbols. There is the famous Hollywood sign which (is standing / stands) above the hills of the town. The original sign was built in 1923, but the present one (has only been / is only) there (in / since) 1978. Then there is the Grauman’s Chinese Theatre, where great actors and actresses (are leaving / leave their) hand and footprints. Norma Tallmadge (has been / was) the first actress to do this in 1927. But most famous of all are the Academy Awards, better known as the ‘Oscar’s’. In March very year, actors and actresses still (are waiting / wait) nervously to find out if they won – although director Woody Allen (has once missed / once missed) the ceremony because he (played / was playing) the clarinet in his favorite jazz club!
Nowadays it (becomes / is becoming) more and more common for films to be made away from Hollywood, but it remains the home of film, and thousands of hopeful young actors (still come / have still come) to ‘The Dream Factory’ every year. But not all Hollywood dreams (have been / were) happy ones – as one actress who later (died / has died) tragically, said: ‘Hollywood is a place where they’ll pay $500 for a kiss and fifty cents for your soul.’
Vocabulary
A. Someone you know who is not a close friend (noun) (12) acquaintance
B. Frontier (noun) (6) border
C. Someone you work with (noun) (9) colleague
D. You are this if you really want to do something and won’t let anyone stop you (adjective) (10) determined
E. People who have agreed to get married are (adjective) (7) engaged
F. The opposite of pass e.g. an exam (verb) (4) fail
G. Risking money on a game or race – Las Vegas is famous for this! (verb) (8) gambling
H. The opposite of lazy (adjective) (11) hard-working
I. An industrial area is where there are many factories (adjective) (10)
J. A kind of sea animal that can sting you – common in Australia (noun) jellyfish
K. ‘ keep in touch’ means ‘to say in contact’ (verb) 4
L. A local radio station can only be heard in a limited area (adjective) (5)
M. Your husband’s / wife’s mother (noun) (6-2-3) mother-in-law
N. Your brother’s / sister’s daughter (noun) (5) niece
O. Not modern or new (adjective) (3-9) old-fashioned
P. If you enter a competition you may win a prize (noun) (5)
Q. To know what something is because you have seen it before (also for people) (verb) (9) recognize
R. A woman who is married to your father, but is not your mother (noun) (10) stepmother
S. Two children that are born at the same time to the same mother (noun) (5) twins
T. Movements of water in the sea (noun) (5) waves
Student A
You are flying home to your own country. Invent some details about yourself (your name, age, job, family, interests, etc.). Student B is a tourist who has never visited your country before. Talk to him / her about yourself, and recommend places to visit and things to do during his / her stay.
Student B
You are a tourist visiting Student A’s country for the first time. Invent some details about yourself (your name, age, job, family, interests, reason for visiting, etc.). Talk to Student A about yourself, and ask him / her questions about yourself / herself. Also ask about his or her country (places to visit, things to do, etc.).
Module 4
Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple
1 Read this interview with Zoe, a singer in a pop group, and circle the best verb form.
I = interviewer Z = Zoe
I: well, it’s nearly Christmas and your single’s number 1 in the charts. You must be very pleased.
Z: Oh yes, of course: (1) it was / it’s been an incredible year for us – we (2) already had / ‘ve already had two number 1 songs this year and (3) we did / we’ve spent almost every day together. At first we only (7) played / have played other people’s songs and we (8) didn’t start / haven’t started writing our own songs until we (9) found / ‘ve found our manager, Brian.
I: Uh huh … so when (10) was / ‘s been your first big concert?
Z: well, that was in May, and around the same time Brian (11) helped / ‘s helped us to get a recording contract with Sony.
I: Yes, and your album’s doing very well in the charts. So what’s next?
Z: well, we’ve working on some new songs and we (12) agreed / ‘ve agreed to do a US tour next summer.
I: great well, we all wish you the best of luck and thank you for coming on the programme.
2 six of the sentences below are wrong. Find the mistakes and correct them.
• have you seen the news last night? did you see
• Carrie’s a really close friend – we knew each other for ages.
• I’ve had this cold all week.
• Hello, er … sorry, I forgot your name.
• Jeff’s never broken a promise before.
• Oh, that’s a nice watch. How long did you have it?
• My secretary was late for work every day last month.
• Look! It’s stopped raining!
• I see your team’s in the final. Did they ever win the cup?
• we didn’t play tennis together since the summer.
• Have you seen John this morning? We’ve got a meeting together at 11: 30.
• I can’t find my keys – has anyone seen them?
‘it (1) was……………….(be) my birthday yesterday.
I’m 14 years old. Some people say, I’m lucky but I
don’t think so. Imagine, in my life I
(2)……………(go) to eight different schools and I (3)
…………………..(never stay) anywhere long enough to make a best friend. We (4) …………….(live) in so
many different houses that I can’t remember some of
them. In fact, last year we (5)
……………………………(move) house three times.
It’s true, there are some good things: I (6) …………………… (go) to Disneyland at least four times, but never with mum and dad. When I (9) …………………… (be) young, I always (10) ……………………(have) a nanny, and she (11) …………………… (take) me on holiday. I’m saying with my aunt and uncle at the moment because my dad’s making a film in France and my mum (12)……………….. (go) to Los Angeles.’
3 Read this extract from an article called Famous Mums and Dads and complete the gaps with the best form the verb in bracket
Present Perfect + just / yet / already
Notice the position of just and already:
• John’s just arrived.
Just = a short time before now.
• ‘Would you like a sandwich?’ ‘I’ve already eaten, thank you.’
Already = before now and means sooner or earlier than we expected.
• ‘Have you seen that film yet, Tim?’
• Jill hasn’t been to the British Museum yet.
Yet = before now. We often use yet when we expect that the person we are talking about will do something. it is used in questions and negative.
4 Reorder the words in these sentences. The first word is underlined.
a. film – 1 – started – the – already – has – think
I think the film has already started .
b. Haven’t – my – yet – homework – I – done
I haven’t done my homework yet .
c. just – married – They – got – ‘ve
They’ve just got married .
d. Mark – of – come – hospital – yet – Has – out?
Has Mark come out of hospital yet? .
e. brother – a – just – My – has – car – bought – new
My brother has just bought a new car .
f. Christmas – all – already – Jane – sent – cards – has – her
Jane has already sent all her Christmas cards .
5 a) Match a sentence from column A with one form column B to make a dialogue.
A B
1. Have you phoned Brinan yet? a. Yes, we’ve already met.
2. You look great. b. I’ve already done them.
3. Do you want a drink? c. No, I haven’t had any food yet.
4. What did you think of the video I gave you? d. thanks, I’ve just come back from ` holiday.
5. Do you know Susie? e. No thanks, I’ve already had four ` beers.
6. Have you tried this pizza? it’s really good. f. I haven’t had time to watch it yet.
7. Could you finish those letters by lunchtime? g. He’s just gone out.
8. Have you seen John? h. Yes, but he wasn’t in.
1 h 2 d 3 e 4 f
5 a 6 c 7 8 g
b) Now cover up column B. say the first line of the dialogue aloud and try and respond with the second line.
for , since and ago
6 complete the gaps in these sentences with the words in brackets and either for, since , ago or nothing ( - ) in some sentences.
a. Joy’s had toothache for (three days)
b. Frankie last went to the dentist (six months)
c. My brother and I started going jogging (a year)
d. Jane’s been feeling sick (last night)
e. I took two aspirins (this morning)
f. Pete’s been on a diet (two weeks)
g. I haven’t done any exercise (months)
h. We played football (all day yesterday)
i. I’ve been doing aerobics (this time last year)
j. My mother hasn’t been feeling well (her operation)
Present Perfect Continuous
Circle the best verb form in the following sentences.
a. I’ve been knowing / I’ve known Susan for about five years.
b. Mum had to take Tim to the dentist because he’s been breaking / broken his tooth.
c. My husband’s been having / ‘s had his mobile phone for a week and it isn’t working.
PICTURE
d. I hope Karen rings soon because Rick’s been waiting / ‘s waited by the phone for hours.
e. We’ve been going / gone to the new sports centre since June. Why don’t you come and try it?
f. Giuseppina’s English is getting much better. She’s been practicing / ‘s practiced a lot recently.
g. You look much slimmer. Have you been dieting / dieted?
PICTURE
h. John’s boss has been deciding / has deciding to have a holiday next month.
i. Goodbye and thanks for having us. We’ve really been enjoying / enjoyed this evening.
j. TEACHER: Ok, Has everyone been finishing / Has everyone finished the exercise? Fine. Lets’ go on.
Grammar snack
Articles with school, college, etc.
A. Matt went to school in Kansas.
B. His father went to the school to see the head teacher.
In sentence A Matt is a student and goes to school to study, which is the usual reason (no article).
In sentence B, the father is visiting the school building, he doesn’t study there (we use a or the).
Here is another example:
• Nelson Mandela spent many years in prison.
• His wife couldn’t go to the prison very often to visit him.
Places that follow this rule are: school, college, university, hospital, church, court, prison.
Look at these sentences and cross out the or a when they are not necessary.
1. My sister has been in a hospital since her operation.
2. I phone the hospital every morning to see how she is.
1. ‘Where’s Billy?’ ‘He’s still at the school: his lessons don’t finish until 4: 00.’
2. ‘There’s a school very near here.
1. I waited in the church for the rain to stop.
2. ‘Do you go to the church?’ Yes, every Sunday.’
1. Jan’s going to the court today because she hasn’t paid her taxes for five years.
2. Tourists are allowed to visit the court on Thursday mornings.
1. I left the university when I was 21.
2. My parents came to the university for my graduation day.
1. My three years at a college were fantastic.
2. I went to the college to see an exhibition.
Have you got what it takes?
1) Do you find it easy to concentrate on one subject?
a) Not at all, I like to think about a variety of things. (0)
b) I try hard but sometimes it’s difficult. (1)
c) Yes, I have no problem doing this. (2)
2) Do your leisure events ever distract you from your work?
a) No, never. (2)
b) Sometimes. (1)
c) Yes, often. (0)
3) You are planning a weekend with your family and friends. On Friday afternoon something urgent comes up. What is your reaction?
a) You try to find someone else to do it for you. (1)
b) You forget your weekend and get on with what you have to do. (2)
c) You decide it will have to wait as you already have plans for the weekend. (0)
4) You get a new job and discover that the local college is running a training course that will be very useful in your work. How do you react?
a) You’re not very interested in doing it. (0)
b) You decide to do the course even if you have to pay for it yourself.(2)
c) You will go, but only if your new company pays for it. (1)
5) Where do you see yourself in 5 years’ time?
a) You’ll probably be in the same position as now. (0)
b) You hope you’ll be in a better position. (1)
c) You intend to advance your career considerable in the next five years. (2)
6) Do you talk about your job / studies outside work / college?
a) Sometimes. (1)
b) Very frequently. (2)
c) No, I ‘switch off from work as soon as I can at the end of the day. (0)
7) Do you think that intelligence leads to success?
a) Intelligence alone does not lead to success. (2)
b) Yes, you have to be intelligent to be successful in life. (0)
c) It’s a big part of success. (1)
8) One of your colleagues gets promoted. How do you feel?
a) You’re a bit jealous. (1)
b) You’re pleased for your colleague. (0)
c) You’re upset. You want to find out why it wasn’t you and what went wrong. (2)
9) Do you believe in the saying “Practice makes perfect’?
a) No, nobody’s perfect. (0)
b) Yes, the harder you work at things, the better you become. (2)
c) People don’t have enough time to practice things these days. (1)
10) Is it useful to look back at the past?
a) No, you can’t change what has happened. (0)
b) Yes, it’s very important to look back and analyze you mistakes so that we don’t repeat them. (2)
c) Maybe sometimes, but everyone can be wise about the past. (1)
11) What do you think about hard work?
a) It’s the way to get what you want. (2)
b) It’s okay if you are paid well for it. (1)
c) It’s very tiring. (0)
12) Where does you motivation come from?
a) From your family. (1)
b) From your boss. (0)
c) From inside yourself. (2)
20 – 24 You will definitely be successful.
12 – 19 You will probably be successful.
7 – 11 If you try hard, you might be successful.
0 – 6 You won’t be successful.
Complete the table with words from the test above.
noun adjective
success successful
jealousy (a)
(b) intelligent
importance (c)
(d) happy
(e) ambitious
(f) determined
(g) imaginative
confidence (h)
(i) possible
Listen and complete these sentences.
1. I’ll probably end up teaching drama in a secondary school.
2. I’m not going to apply for anything this year…
3. I’ve got family in Trinidad, so I’ll probably go there for a few months.
Oliver
4. I’m about to join the army.
5. I’ll start my training in September.
Dino
6. First I’m having a holiday with my family.
7. I’m leaving in five days.
8. After that, I’m planning to do a master’s degree.
Caroline
9. I just start work at the beginning of September.
10. I’m having a couple of months break over the summer.
11. I’m going to find a beach somewhere nice and not.
Zak
12. I’m thinking of applying for a course in journalism.
Alice
13. I’m definitely not going to be a lawyer.
14. I suppose I’ll do some kind temporary job for the next few months.
Language summary
Future plans and intentions
1) going to
am / are / is + going to + verb
Positive form Negative form Question form
I’m / you’re, etc. going to help. I’m not / you aren’t etc. going to help. Is he / Are you going to help?
We sue going to to talk about present intentions about the future. This can be the near future, or the more distant future.
I’m going to have a bath in a few minutes. (=the near future)
Lucy says she’s going to be a ballet dancer one day. (=the distant future)
2) Present continuous
a) We use the Present continuous to talk about things we have already arranged for the future.
I’m meeting Tony this weekend. (=I’ve arranged this)
What are you doing tonight? (=asking about your plans)
b) In some cases, it doesn’t matter whether we use the Present continuous or going to.
I’m playing football this evening.
I’m going to play football this evening.
I’m going shopping this afternoon.
I’m going to go shopping this afternoon. (Some people think this is bad English)
In other cases, there is a clear difference in meaning.
We’re going to get married one day. (=an intention)
We’re getting married soon. (=the wedding is arranged)
3) Will
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / he / she, etc. ‘ll + verb.
I’ll see her. I / you / he / she, etc. won’t + verb.
I won’t see her. Will I / you / he / she, etc. + verb?
Will I see her?
We use will for talking about things that we think will happen without any special plan or arrangement. We predict they will happen or see them as future fact.
I can give it to her - I’ll see her at work. (=I don’t need to arrange this)
I know I’ll forget if I don’t write it down. (=This is a future fact / I predict this will happen)
Remember!!!
We can use shall with I and we. We normally use this in the question form to make offer or suggestions.
Will I meet you at the restaurant? (=asking about a future fact)
Shall I meet you at the restaurant? (=an offer)
4) Other ways to talk about the future
a) Verb
• Hope: we’re hoping to buy a flat later this year.
• Plan: I’m planning to sell my scooter.
• Think: we’re thinking of having a party soon.
• Want: I want to finish this by tonight.
b) Phrases
• due to: we use due to for something that is formally arranged.
The plane’s due to take off in ten minutes.
• (be) about to: when something will happen very soon or immediately.
Jill’s about to have a baby.
Use the prompts to make future sentences.
a. I / plan / study / engineering (I’m planning to study engineering)
b. My sister / think / join the army. (my sister’s thinking of joining the army)
c. I / due / to take my driving test next week. (I’m due to take my driving test next week)
d. Alex says he/ not going / apply for university. (Alex says he’s not going to apply for university)
e. I know I / will not get the job. ( I know I won’t get the job)
f. My boss / about / retire. ( my boss’s about to retire)
g. My son / start / a new job on Monday. ( My son’s starting a new job on Monday)
h. I / probably / not / see you before you go. (I probably won’t see you before you go)
Write five sentences about yourself (or someone you know) using the prompts below.
a. (apply for) a job as a …/ course in …
b. (take) … exams / driving test …
c. (get) married …
d. (train) to be a …
e. (go into) the army …
f. (travel) abroad …
g. (change) job / school …
h. (start / leave) university / school …
Future clauses with if, when, etc.
a. If I don’t enjoy it, I’ll try something else. I’m never going to go back to teaching though.
b. When she has the baby, we’ll have to get more staff to help us.
c. I’ll be fully-qualified about three years, unless I fail my exams, of course!
d. We can’t both work full-time until our child starts school in about three years’ time.
e. As soon as he finds a job again, I’m going to change to working apart-time.
f. I’m hoping to redecorate a lot of the hotel before I have the baby.
Read what Clare, Lorna and Kevin’s friends say about them. Choose the most appropriate conjunction and complete with the correct verb form, affirmative or negative.
a. ‘When / Before Clare qualifies (qualify) as a plumber, she will earn (earn) a lot of money.’
b. ‘Lorna will make (make) herself ill unless / as soon as he get (get) more rest.
c. ‘I’m sure Kevin will go (go) mad if / when he doesn’t find (not find) work soon.
d. ‘Lorna and Ian will have (have) to sort out their financial problems before / until they have (have) the baby.
e. ‘I’m sure Kevin will go (go) back to work as soon as / until it is (be) right for the children.’
f. ‘Things won’t get (not get) easier for Kevin and Sally unless / until the children are (be) a bit older.’
g. ‘It will be (be) difficult for Kevin to find a job if / when he waits (wait) too long.’
h. ‘I think Clare will get (get) bored with plumbing, when / unless she has (have) to do it all day every day.’
Work in small groups. Complete the sentences to make them true for yourself. Then tell your group.
a. I’m going to buy a … as soon as …
b. I’ll continuous learning English until …
c. I’ll be able to relax once …
d. I’ll be home by … o’clock tonight if / unless …
e. I’m (not) going out tonight if / unless …
f. I will / won’t be late home today if / unless …
g. My English will / won’t improve if / unless …
Chain talking
‘My friend John wants to become an English teacher.’
‘If he wants to go to school to study, he’ll have to work really hard.’
‘He won’t earn any money unless he works for a big school.’
‘He’ll probably have a nervous breakdown if he works here.’
Language summary
Future clause with, if, when, etc.
Even when we are talking about the future, we use a present verb form after if, unless, when, before, after, as soon as, until, once, next time, etc.
If she fails her exams again, she’ll be really upset.
I won’t do anything unless you phone.
When I find it, I’ll bring it to you.
Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.
As soon as we get home I’m going to have a shower.
I’m going to stay her until I find somewhere to live.
Once we finish the decorating, we’ll invite you round for dinner.
Notice that in the other part of the sentence, a future verb form is used (will, going to, etc.)
Fed up with your daily routine? Looking for something different? Always wanted to travel?
Horizons Unlimited is an international employment agency recruiting for positions all over the world.
Vacancies include:
• Management and offices staff.
• Hotel and restaurant staff.
• Ninnies, private teachers and nurses.
All applicant must be appropriately qualified. Write for an application form to:
Horizons Unlitited, PO Box 444, Rchmond, Surrey, SJ5 4TS.
Interviews will be arranged for suitable applicants.
Work in groups. Complete the table about the job.
Size / Location of the hotel
Hotel duties
Childcare duties
Information about the children
Essential qualifications
Other useful qualifications
Useful Language
a) Good points
He’s got plenty of experience with …
The good thing about … is …
b) Bad points
I’m worried that he’ll …
I think … is too young / isn’t experienced enough.
c) Other
I get the impression she’s …
He seems very energetic.
What’ll happen if … ?
I prefer … because …
Module 5: Task, exercise 1, page 54
Brigitte Schumann
Age: 33
Nationality: Austrian
Mother tongue: German
Marital status: divorced
Skills / background
• eight years as assistant manager of hotel in a ski-resort
• speaks good French and English
• good skier
• driver
• good computer skills
interview notes
recently divorced and wants a complete change in her life
has seven-year-old daughter and four-year-old son – she will bring them with her if she gets the job
seems very efficient (a bit cold)
obviously has very strong personality and opinions
Module 5: Task, exercise 1, page 54
Peter Krajeck
Age: 28
Nationality: Slovak
Mother tongue: Slovak
Marital status: single
Skills/ background
• Ex-professional skier
• A lot of experience with small children – ski instructor in summer camps
• Speaks good French, some German
• Driver
• Good computer skills
Interview notes
• Retired from skiing because of knee injure
• Plans to open own hotel in ski resort – wants to get experience in all aspects of hotel work
• Very friendly, enthusiastic, seems hard-working
Module 5: Task, exercise 1, page 54
John Bailey
Age: 55
Nationality: Canadian
Mother tongue: English
Marital status: single
Skills / Background
• Thirty-five years in hotel business (including fifteen years as assistant manager of Toronto Hotel)
• Excellent French
• Good skier
• Driver
• Computer experience
Interview notes
• Retired from Hilton two years ago because of nervous problems (doctor’s letter says now fine)
• Has never worked with children but has many nephews and nieces and loves children
• Seems friendly and considerate
Module 5: Task, exercise 1, page 54
Brenda MacDonald
Age: 46
Nationality: British
Mother tongue: English
Marital status: widow
Skills / Background
• Several years’ experience as hotel receptionist/ secretary, has not worked for fifteen years
• French good, but not used for a long time
• Driver
• No experience of computers
• No knowledge of skiing
• Very good cook
Interview notes
• Husband died fifteen years ago so stopped work to bring up three sons, all now grown up
• Wants to do something different and adores France
• Very friendly – good fun!
• Seems capable and flexible
Module 5: Task, exercise 1, page 54
Anne- Sophie Martin
Age: 21
Nationality: Swiss
Mother tongue: French
Marital status: single
Skills / Background
• Two years as nanny
• Two years as receptionist in a hotel in Geneva
• Good skier
• Very good German, good English
• Computer experience
• Doesn’t drive
Interview notes
• Rather quiet (shy?), but very nice
• Experience with small children
• excellent
Louisa Barry wants to apply for a job through Horizons Unlimited, so she is sending her CV and a covering letter. Match the addresses and date below with the correct position on the letter. Then put the letter into the correct order.
30th April 2005
Horizons Unlimited
PO Box 444
Richmond
Surrey
SJ5 4TS
15 Thayers Farm Road
Abingdon
Northampton
NT12 4PF
A) your address .
.
.
.
B) 24th, August .
C) Other address .
.
.
.
A(4) I am interested in any secretarial position you have,
B(6) I will be available to start work from the middle of June
C (8) I look forward to hearing from you soon.
D (9) Yours faithfully
E (7) I enclose my CV as requested.
F (3) I am a qualified and experienced PA, and am bilingual in Spanish and English, I also
Speak French fluently
G (2) I am writing in reply to your advertisement for temporary summer positions, which
Appeared in the Western Mail on 27th April.
H (1) Dear Sir or Madam,
I (5) However, I am willing to consider my kind of work.
J (10) Louisa Barry
From:
Jean- luc. bertrand@hotel. fr
To:
m.oneill@hu.co.uk
Subject:
Finding me an assistant manager/ saint!
Hi Marion
I’m afraid I’ve got a difficult request for you this time! As you know, my wife Martine sadly died eighteen months ago. Since then I’ve been so busy looking after the children, I’ve been neglecting the hotel. Basically I need someone to do what Martine did! The job I’m offering is assistant hotel manager/part-time childminder – I know this is unusual but It’s what I need.
To remind you about the hotel, we are a twenty-five-bedroom family hotel in rather a remote ski resort, so it’s important that the person is prepared for this. We’re very busy in winter and we also have quite a lot of quests in summer, but it’s much quieter in spring and autumn.
The ‘assistant hotel manager’ duties would include:
-running reception/ office during morning and evenings.
-organising part-time staff (barman, cleaners, waiters) on my days off and when I’m absent on business. The chef will organise the kitchen so this is not a problem.
-helping out in the restaurant, bar, etc. when we are very busy.
For these duties the candidate needs fluent French and English (German also useful), good computer skills and previous experience of hotel work. Many of our guests are skiers of course, so knowledge of skiing is also useful.
In spring and autumn when things are very quiet, I have to go on some business trips and this is when I would need help with childcare. I’ve got two children – David (13) and Karine (8) both very well-behaved. I go away perhaps seven or eight times a year, usually for about four to seven days. During these trips, the person would have to take and pick up Karine from the local primary school, about two km away (David goes to school by bus), cook their dinner, get them to bed and look after them at the weekend, If I have a long trip.
Obviously the children have had a difficult two years so it’s really important that it’s someone kind and sympathetic. This is really the most important qualification of all for me. For the same reason I’d prefer someone who will stay for a minimum of two years, though if you cannot find this, I will have to take someone for just one year.
In return I can offer an excellent salary, free food/accommodation, six to eight weeks’ paid holiday, a free ski pass and full-time use of a car. (I forgot to mention – it would be very useful if the candidate has a driving licence, both to take Karine to school, and also because he or she may feel a little lonely up here without a car.)
Well, Marion, I know that what I’m asking is very difficult, but you’ve always found me fantastic staff in the past, so I’m putting my trust in you! Please contact me if you need more information.
Very best wishes,
Jean- Luc
A formal telephone call
1. Complete the missing phrases in the conversation.
Then listen again and check.
Telephonist Good morning, Horizons Unlimited.
Louise Hello, (1) I’d like to speak to Morion O’Neil, please.
Telephonist Morion O’Neil … Just a moment, I’ll (2) put you through .
Secretary Hello, how can I help?
Louise Err … (3) could I speak to Marion O’Neil, please?
Secretary I’ll just see if she’s available, can I ask (4) who’s calling? .
Louise Louisa Barry.
Secretary One moment, please. (pause) Hello?
Louise Yes, Hello?
Secretary Yes, I’m afraid Morion’s in a meeting at the moment … can I take (5) a message or shall I ask (6) her to call you back?
Louise Well, I’m (7) phoning because she interviewed me for a job about two weeks ago. And I haven’t heard anything yet.
Secretary Okay, well, (8) I’ll pass on the message and ask her to call you back. Have you got a number (9) she can contact you on .
Louise Well, I’ll be here till about four o’clock … the number’s 01604 472472.
Secretary Right, and (10) is there mobile number ?
Louise No, but she can (11) leave a message on the answering machine.
Secretary Okay, then, thanks (12) for calling .
Louise Thank you, bye.
Secretary Bye.
2. Work in pairs. Act out the conversation below.
Student A: You are phoning Travel Direct to find out
about some airline tickets you ordered. You want to
speak to Sandi Elliott to find out what is happening.
Student B: You work at Travel Direct. Sandi Elliott is
on the other line at the moment.
Student A Student B
Answer the phone
Ask to speak to
Sandi Elliott.
Explain that Sandi
is on the other line;
ask the caller to hold
or if he / she wants
Sandi to call back.
Ask if she can
call back.
Ask what the
call is about.
Explain what the
call is about.
Ask for the
caller’s number.
Give your number(s)
and say when you
can be contacted.
Say thank you
and end the
conversation.
Say goodbye.
3. Complete the gaps in the song with the words and
phrases in the box. Then listen and check.
Aeroplane dream fun day made Monday (x) nine
Paid run day stream Sunday there time train
Six o’clock already
I was just in the middle of a (a) dream .
I was kissin’ Valentino
By a crystal blue Italian (b) stream .
But I can’t be late
‘Cause then I guess I just won’t get (c) paid .
These are the days
When you wish your bed was already (d) made .
It’s just another manic (e) Monday .
I wish it was (f) Sunday .
‘Cause that’s my (g) fun day .
My I don’t have to (h) run day .
It’s just another manic (i) Monday .
Have to catch an early (j) train .
Got to be at work by (k) nine .
And if I had an (l) aeroplane .
I still couldn’t make it on (m) time .
‘Cause it takes me so long
Just to figure out what I’m gonna (n) wear .
Blame it on the train
But the boss is already (o) there .
CHORUS
Module 5 test
1. Look at the sentences below. Which of them describes:
a. an intention for the near future?
b. an intention for the distant future?
c. something arranged for the future?
d. a future fact?
e. an offer?
1. Shall I carry that suitcase for you? (e)
2. My birthday will be on a Friday next year. (d)
3. We’re going to look for a new flat in a few years. (b)
4. I’m having lunch with Simon on Friday. (c)
5. I’m going to phone and tell him exactly what I think. (a)
2. Cross out the word or phrase which does not complete each sentence correctly.
a. The course is due / going / planning to start on the 7th September.
b. I’ll tell him as soon as he gets back / he’ll get back / I can.
c. Are you due / going to / planning to take your holidays soon?
d. We’re hoping / planning / thinking of to go to Greece for our holiday this year.
e. Can you phone me back before six o’clock / you leave / you’ll leave?
3. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
as soon as before if unless until
a. The bus won’t arrive until after midnight.
b. She’ll be delighted if she gets the job.
c. I want to finish my homework before I go out.
d. As soon as he gets home, I’ll tell him the good news.
e. We’re going cycling, unless it rains of course!
4. Match A and B to make phrases connected with work. can you remember any other phrases connected with work?
A B
a. well (8) 1. a job
b. work (5) 2. To travel
c. opportunities (2) 3. time
d. apply for (1) 4. Training
e. good people (6) 5. Long hours
f. physically (7) 6. Skills
g. full (3) 7. Fit
h. special (4) 8. –paid
5. In each list, one word is not an adjective. Underline it, and make the necessary changes to make it an adjective.
a. fit / important / success (successful) / intelligent
b. ambitious / creative / happiness (happy) / stressful
c. available / challenging / imagination (imaginative) / secure
d. confident / determination (determined) / experienced / possible
e. jealousy (jealous) / kind / sympathetic / temporary
6. Choose the correct preposition.
a. Goodbye. Thanks about / for / to calling.
b. Sheila is interested about / in / of working with young people.
c. Just a moment. I’ll put you off / through / up to the right department.
d. I look forward at / in / to meeting you tomorrow.
e. I’ve already left several messages at / in / on the answering machine.
f. I am fluent about / at / in French and Spanish.
1. a. Look at the types of programmes below. Do you usually find these on TV, on a radio or on both?
Documentaries ‘reality’ shows phone-ins sit coms
Sports coverage cartoon local news adverts
Crime mysteries national news soap operas
Travel news game shows and quizzes
b. what other kinds of programme are popular in your country?
2. put the programmes in exercise 1 into these categories. Compare your opinions in pairs.
There are too many of these on TV / radio in my country.
There aren’t enough of these
There are about the right number.
We haven’t go this kind of programme in my country.
3. Listen to five short extracts from different types of radio or TV programme and answer these questions. Then compare answers in pairs.
a. There are two questions I the quiz. Which categories do the questions belong to: art, geography, history, music, science? (Art and geography)
b. Where are the World Athletics Championships being held this year? (Burling)
c. Is Joe Rawlings a reporter, a runner or injured at the moment? (a runner)
d. What is the subject of the phone-in? (Rock concert)
e. What do we learn about Kerry’s opinions? (unfair to watch)
f. In the travel news, what is the cause of the delays on the M4? (blocking the central lane)
g. Is the situation on the M6 better or worse than before? (better)
h. What is the young man in the soap trying to tell the young woman? (I love you)
i. Does the young woman respond positively? (no, she doesn’t.)
4. Language focus
-ed / -ing adjectives
Which of the following statements do you agree with? Compare your opinions in groups.
a. You can’t believe most of what you read and see in the media – half the time the journalists invent ‘news’ to fill their newspapers and programmes. (agree)
b. They only ever show bad news on TV, never the good news. (agree)
c. TV is better nowadays than it used to be. (disagree)
d. There’s too much sex and violence on TV early in the evening when young children are still watching. (agree)
5. Listen to four people giving their opinion. Which of these words did each person use? Did they use the –end or –ing form?
excited / exciting upset / upsetting
worried / worrying annoyed / annoying
bored / boring confused / confusing
depressed / depressing interested / interesting
6. –ed / -ing adjectives
1. –ing adjective
Adjectives ending in –ing describe the thing or person that has an effect on us.
Today’s lesson was very interesting. (=the lesson interested me)
2. –ed adjectives
Adjectives ending in –end describe our feelings about something or someone.
I felt bored at the party. (= I found the party boring)
7. Choose the correct alternative.
a. Did you see that documentary about political corruption last night? it was a really interested / interesting programme – I was quite shocked / shocking.
b. The prime minister said he was very pleased / pleasing with the countries economic progress, although there are some worried / worrying signs that there may be difficult time around.
c. There was a very excited / exciting basketball game on TV last night, but I was a bit surprised / surprising that my team lost.
d. I know that people are always fascinated / fascinating by celebrities’ private lives, but I do think some of the personal questions they ask on chat shows can be a bit embarrassed / embarrassing.
e. The instructions for this DVD player are so confused / confusing, it’s so frustrated / frustrating trying to follow them.
f. I was a bit annoyed / annoying that I forgot to record that Julia Roberts film last night, although the review in the paper said it was very disappointed / disappointing.
g. I was really frightened / frightening by that ghost story you told us last weekend.
a. A Cambodian immigrant who arrived in New York as a teenager has won $128 m in the city’s lottery. Phin Suy, a gardener in Central Park, says he will use the money to pay off his debts, but has got no plans to give up his job. He was presented with a giant cheque in a ceremony at Madison Square Darden, where his boss shouted: ‘Phin, is this a vacation day or a sick day?’ to which Suy modestly replied ‘Vacation day’.
b. Raul Hortena, 24, from Barcelona thought he had the perfect plan to escape his marriage any time he wanted. He signed the marriage register in disappearing ink. However, in court last week the judge refused to annul the marriage and Hortena was fined £130.
c. A teenager who tried to rob a bus in Chile was horrified to discover that his mother was one of the passengers. Emilio Sanchez, together with two of his friends, was threatening the driver with knives and a baseball bat, when he heard a familiar voice telling him to stop it at once and ordering him off the bus.
d. There was panic at Chicago airport when Pete Twigger a passenger boarding a plane greeted the pilot, whom he knew, with the words ‘Hi Jack’. Air traffic controllers listening in the control tower ordered arm security teams to board the plane before realizing their mistake.
e. A youth who threatened to jump off a London bridge after breaking up with his girlfriend was persuaded down after an hour when the police offered a new pair of trainers. Billy Camlin remained on Chelsea Bridge while he tried the Reeboks on for size, then decided that life wasn’t so bad after all.
f. The most ordinary items in your home can sause an accident, according to government figures. Every year, more than 2,000 people are injured by soft toys, 700 by envelopes and 1,500 by tissue paper. Another 37,000 people blame slippers for their injuries, nearly 2,000 blame wallpaper, and almost 18,000 accidents are caused by armchairs. But by far the greatest danger in the home comes from carpets. Last year around 165,000 accidents involving carpets were reported.
g. U2 star, Bono, reportedly paid out £1,300 to fly his trilby hat first class to Italy. The singer had forgotten to pack his favourite hat for a charity concert with Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti, so complicated arrangements were made to get the hat safely from England. A taxi took it from West London to Gatwick Airport where it was put in a first class seat on a British Airways flight to Bologna. A hired driver then picked up the hat and sped to Modena-Pavarotti’s home and the venue for the concert. A spokesman for the star said, ‘Including tips and insurance it cost about £1,300 to fly the hat here, but that is nothing compared to the money will be raised for charity tonight.’
h. When Brisbane fire-fighter Shaun Kenna rescued a woman from a burning house, her face was so black that he did not at first recognize his ex-wife. ‘Then when I recognized her voice I was amazed,’ said Shaun, ‘I had forgotten how beautiful she is.’ The couple are now
planning to remarry.
Reading and vocabulary
News stories
1. Bono’s hat goes first class (g)
2. False alarm at airport (d)
3. Fire fighter rescues old flame (h)
4. Home is a dangerous place (f)
5. Lottery winner takes a day off (a)
6. Mum is always there (c)
7. The case of the disappearing bridegroom (b)
8. Trainers make life worth living (e)
1. Language Focus
The Passive
Read the following sentences about the news stories and underline the main verb in each.
a. Shaun Kenna, a Brisbane firefighter, rescued his ex-wife from a burning house.
b. A Melburne woman was rescued from a burning house by her ex-husband.
c. A Chilean teenager tried to rob a bus with his mother on board.
d. Bono’s hat was put on a first-class seat for the flight to Italy. (unknown)
e. Every year thousands of accidents are caused by ordinary items.
f. A lot of money will be raised for charity at the concert tonight. (unknown)
g. Raul Hortena has been fined £130. (unknown)
2. Analysis
1. Active and passive
Look at sentences a and b in exercise 1.
a. Which verb is active and which is passive? (rescued and was rescued)
b. Who is the subject of the active sentence? Who is the subject of the passive sentence? (Shaun Kenna and A Melbourne woman)
2. Forming the passive
The passive is formed with be + the past participle.
Find an example in exercise 1 of the following.
- Present simple passive (e) –Past simple passive (b, d)
- Present perfect passive (g) – Future passive (f)
3. The ‘doer’ (agent) in passive sentences.
In passive sentences, the main focus is on the active or the person it happened to, not the person who does the action.
a. Often the person who does the action is not mentioned because:
-this is obvious. Find an example. (g)
-the doer is unimportant or unknown. Find an example. (d-f)
b. sometimes the doer of the action is mentioned after the verb using by. Find two
examples. (b,e)
4. The passive
Simple tenses
Positive form Negative form Question form
Present It’s (=is) made It isn’t (=is not) made Is it made?
Past It was made It wasn’t (was not) made Was it made?
Present perfect It’s (=has) been made It hasn’t (has not) been made Has it been made?
Future It’ll be made It won’t (will not) be made Will it be made?
Subject + verb ‘to be’ + past participle Verb ‘to be’ + not + past participle Verb ‘to be + subject + past participle
Continuous tenses
Positive form Negative form Question form
Present It’s (=is) being made It isn’t being made Is it being made?
Past It was being made It wasn’t (=was not) being made Was it being made?
Subject + verb ‘to be’ + being past participle Subject + verb ‘to be’ + not being + past participle Verb ‘to be’ + subject + being + past participle
1. The difference between the active and passive
In active sentences, the subject is the ‘doer’ of the verb (the person who makes the action happen).
The firefighter rescued the child.
(subject) (verb)
In passive sentences, the ‘doer’ of the verb is not the subject.
The child was rescued by the firefighter.
(subject) (verb)
REMEMBER!
If we mention the ‘doer’ of the verb we use by + the person.
The building was designed by Sir Andrew Rowley.
2. Reasons for using passive
a. To focus on the main topic of the sentence
The beginning of the sentence normally tells us what the sentence is mainly about.
Compare the following sentences.
Jackson won the Olympic gold medal. (=the sentence is mainly about Jackson)
The Olympic gold medal was won by Jackson. (=the sentence is mainly about the Olympic gold medal).
b. If the person who does the verb is unknown or unimportant-
My handbag has been stolen. (=we don’t know who did this)
The Petronas Towers were built in 1996. (=we are interested in when they were built, not who built them)
c. The doer of the verb is obvious, or ‘people in general’
Dozens of people were arrested. (= it is obvious that the police arrested them)
Spanish is spoken in more than twenty countries. (= it is not necessary to say ‘by people’)
REMEMBER!
We often use the passive in more formal contexts (e.g. news reports), and less when we are speaking informally. Compare the following sentences.
A new parking scheme is being introduced in the town centre. (= from a news report)
I hear they’re introducing a new parking scheme in the town centre. (= from a conversation)
3. Read the following articles below and choose the correct verb form.
A woman from Port Headland in Australia (a) attacked / was attacked by a burglar while she was on the phone to her brother in Leeds, England. Her brother (b) heard / was heard strange noises and (c) phoned / was phoned his local police station in Leeds. The Port Headland police (d) contacted / were contacted immediately and an officer (e) sent / was sent to the woman’s house. She (f) rescued / was rescued just eighteen minutes after the attack (g) happened / was happened.
Yorkshir Electricity Company (h) has apologized / has been apologized after they (i) sent / were sent a customer a bill for £2 billion. Tanya Holland, from Huddersfield, (j) told / was told that she (k) owed / was owed £2,131,474,163, but the company (l) said / was said that she could pay in installments. They later (m) admitted / was admitted that they had made a mistake and a new bill for £21. 31 (n) sent / was sent.
It (o) has estimated / has been estimated that a tower (p) steals / is stolen from a Holiday Inn hotel every twelve seconds – that makes a total of 2.7 million towels a year!
4. MEDIA & FILM QUIZ
1. Where were the world’s first newspapers produced?
a. In Ancient China.
b. In Ancient Rome. (√)
c. In seventeenth-century Germany.
2. Which TV series is most widely watched around the world?
a. Friends
b. Baywatch (√)
c. The X-Files
3. China Central TV (CCTV) is regularly watched by
a. 100 million viewers
b. 300 million viewers
c. 750 million viewers (√)
4. The radio was first used for communication by
a. An Italian (√)
b. A Scot
c. A Frenchman
5. Who was The Simpsons created by?
a. Walt Disney
b. Steven Spielberg
c. Matt Groening (√)
6. Since the first film, Dr No in 1962, how many James Bond films have been made?
a. Around twenty (√)
b. Around thirty
c. Around forty
7. Which writer’s work has most often been made into films?
a. Agatha Christie
b. Jane Austen
c. William Shakespeare (√)
8. How many TVs are manufactured in the world every year?
a. Around seven million
b. Around seventy million (√)
c. Around 700 million
1. Extreme adjectives are often used to make newspaper headlines and articles more interesting. Rewrite the headlines below, using an extreme adjective to replace the adjective(s) underlined.
a. United manager very happy (delighted) with very good (brilliant) performance
b. Very sad (tragic) death of teenager
c. Prime Minister very angry (furious) at opposition’s criticism
d. We made some very bad (terrible) mistakes admits united captain
e. Very cold (freezing) temperatures in north of country
f. Very hot (boiling) weather to continue
g. Film star very surprised (astonished) at Oscar nomination
2. Mark the following activities 1-4 (1 = I never do it; 4 = I do it all the time). Then compare your answers in groups. ( 2 = sometimes / 3 = usually)
go to a musical 1 watch TV
go to the cinema 2 read novels
watch films on video / DVD 2 go to the ballet
go to a classical concert go to a rock concert
listen to music at home go to see a play
play computer games
3. Which of the activities in exercise 2 do you associate with these words? You can use your mini-dictionary to help you.
Acting characters costumes graphics
Language lyrics music photography set
Singing special effects story
4. You are going to review this for the class. Spend about fifteen minutes deciding what you will say. Use these questions to help you prepare your review. Ask your teacher for any words or phrases you need.
What is it?
Where / when did you see it?
Who is it by, who does it star, etc.?
Did you like it or not?
What were the strong points?
What were the weak points?
What words would you use to describe it?
Do you think your classmates would enjoy it?
5. Useful language
• Describing what it is
It’s called …
It’s by …
It was (written/directed/produced/published/designed) by/in …
It’s by the same (writer/director) as …
It’s his/her third (album/book).
It stars…
It’s set in …
It’s based on …
It lasts/lasted (one and a half hours).
The story is very simple/complicated.
It’s about ….
• Giving your opinion
The (acting/story/graphics) is/are brilliant/terrible.
The best/worst thing about it is …
… is really boring/annoying/exciting.
Another thing I really liked/hated was …
One weak point was …
I’d recommend it to anyone who likes …
I wouldn’t recommend it to anyone!
6. Complete the sentences from the recording with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. The very first newspapers were written (write) by hand.
b. Baywatch has been translated (translate) into 142 different languages.
c. CNN is watched (watch) in 212 countries around the world.
d. The radio was first used (first use) for communication by Marconi.
e. Marconi was awarded (award) the Noble prize for his work in 1909.
f. The Simpsons was created (create) in 1986.
g. Matt Groening named (name) the characters after his own family.
h. Around four hundred films have been based (base) on plays by Shakespeare.
i. The Bond movies have made (make) over £13 billion since 1962.
j. Around 70 million TVs are manufactured (manufacture) every year.
7. Vocabulary
Extreme adjectives
Work in pairs. Read the extracts below from reviews for different films. Is each review good, bad or mixed? What kind of film does each review describe?
a. ‘Terrific … has more thrills than all of this summer’s blockbusters put together …
The special effects are superb and the action non-stop.’ (good)
b. ‘Basically a one-joke comedy. Even Steve Bristow’s biggest fans will have to admit that doing this film was a terrible mistake…’ (bad)
c. ‘Sam Harriis is hilarious as the commanding officer of a group of soldiers whose main aim in life is to stay as far away as possible from the action …’ (good)
d. ‘If you forget about the ridiculous plot, and the dreadful dialogue – the movie is actually quite good fun, and Hollywood’s latest stars Lucy Martinez and Jason Stone bring youthful glamour to this love story …’ (Romantic)
8. a. Match the extreme adjectives in A with an adjective in B.
A B
1. astonished very frightened (7)
2. boiling very happy (4)
3. brilliant very angry (6)
4. delighted very sad (8)
5. freezing very surprised (1)
6. furious very hot (2)
7. terrified very good (3)
8. tragic very good (5)
b. which of these adverbs cannot be used with the extreme adjectives in A:
absolutely, really, very?
9. Extreme adjective
1. Absolutely can only be used with extreme adjectives:
Absolutely freezing NOT: absolutely cold
2. Very can only be used with non-extreme adjectives:
Very cold NOT: very freezing
3. Really can be used with both types of adjectives:
Really freezing, really cold
1. Writing
A consumer review
Review base.com is an online database of short reviews for books, CDs films and computer games written by Internet users. The reviewer gives brief comments and a star rating (***** = Fantastic, *** = OK, 0 = awful).people use these reviews when deciding what to buy online.
Read the revises below and answer the questions.
a. Is the review for a book, a CD, a film or a computer game?
b. What star rating (out of 5) do you think the reviewer gave?
Title: Love and hate Review 1365 Kate 23rd January Star Rating:
this is not a movie I’d recommend. The special effects are OK, and some of the acting is quite good but the plot is really hard to follow and by the end I’d lost interested. (Film / OK)
Title: Desert island Review 8397 by moo moo 13th April Star Rating:
the first time I played this, I’m afraid I was bored. The graphics are quite nice, the sound is OK (though the characters’ voices are really annoying!) and the game got repetitive really quickly. Overall this game is a waste of money. Don’t buy it. ( Computer game / 0)
Title: Attack! Review 8674 by Danni 14th May Star Rating:
To my mind, this is easily the best thing on the market right now: there’s fighting, shooting, a great storyline, great game play and the overall look is really cool. What more could you ask? Highly recommended! (Computer game / f)
Title: The real me Review 16369 by Izzie 17th June Star Rating:
A terrific, funny read! As a rule I hardly ever read autobiographies, but I made an exception in this case and I’m glad I did. It’s well written, very embarrassing!! Buy it now- you won’t regret it! ( Book / f)
Title: Manic Days Review 1611 by Paul 8th September Star Rating:
there are a few good tracks on here, but to be honest the rest of the album isn’t up to much: everything sounds the same after a while and his voice isn’t really any different from hundreds of other singers. (CD / OK)
2. Complete the table with words and phrases from the reviews.
Positive words and phrases Negative words and phrases
Terrific
Funny
… not a movie I’d recommend
Making Passive Toast
1. Open the cupboard door. (is opened)
2. Take out the read. (is taken)
3. Close the cupboard door. (is closed)
4. Put the cutting board on the kitchen counter. (is put)
5. Open the drawer. (is opened)
6. Take out a knife. (is taken)
7. Close the drawer. (is closed)
8. Take the butter and jam out of the fridge. (is taken)
9. Close the fridge door. (is closed)
10. Open the read bag and take out a slice. (is opened / taken)
11. Put the bread in the toaster and set the timer. (is put / set)
12. When it’s done, take it out. (is taken)
13. Put the toast on the cutting board. Ouch! It’s hot! (is put)
14. Open the butter container and the jam jar. (is opened)
15. Pick up the knife. (is picked up)
16. Spread some butter and jam on the toast. (are spread)
17. Put the dirty knife in the sink. (is put)
18. Eat you toast!! (is eaten)
Test Module 6
1. Choose the correct adjective.
a. That’s a very interested / interesting suggestion.
b. It’s not surprised / surprising.
c. There’s no need to feel embarrassed / embarrassing.
d. Why are you always late? Have you any idea how annoyed / annoying it is!
e. I’m afraid it was a rather bored / boring evening.
f. It was very upset / upsetting to hear the news in that way.
g. The news report was extremely worried / worrying.
h. I don’t understand I’m really confused / confusing.
2. Put these active sentences into the passive, omitting the underlined words.
a. The police arrested over thirty demonstrators. (were arrested)
b. The recent storms have damaged a number of buildings. (have been damaged)
c. People destroy thousands of trees every year. (are destroyed)
d. The judge will sentence the man tomorrow. (will be sentenced)
e. Someone had stolen my computer. (had been stolen)
f. Is anybody looking after you? (are you being looked after?
g. They presented Sarah with a gold watch. (Sarah was presented / a gold watch was presented)
h. Davison built the museum in 1874. (was built)
3. Write extreme adjectives which are similar in meaning to the words below. Can you remember any others?
a. Very good brilliant
b. Very bad terrible
c. Very sad tragic
d. Very angry furious
e. Very silly ridiculous
f. Very funny hilarious
4. Match A and B to make a suitable verb + noun combination.
a. Commit` (5) 1. accident
b. Raise (3) 2. day off
c. Cause an (1) 3. money (for charity)
d. Hear a (4) 4. voice
e. To give up (6) 5. suicide
f. Take a (2) 6. your job
5. Choose the correct preposition.
a. The film is based at / on / with a novel by Charles Dickens.
b. Who would you recommend this film at / to / with?
c. The film is set at / in / on New York.
d. What was the best thing about / for / of the book in your opinion?
e. The book has been translated in / into / on over thirty different languages.
f. This film is by / from / of my favorite director.
The great international night out
Go out any Saturday night in cities as far apart as Beijing and Berlin, and the chances are you’ll find people eating pizzas, dancing in clubs and discos or enjoying a little karaoke. But have you ever wondered how these things started?
Pizza
Pizza has a long history, the ancient Greeks first had the idea of putting vegetables on large flat pieces of bread, and ‘pizza ovens’ have been found in the ruins of Roman cities. But for centuries one vital ingredient was missing – the first tomatoes were not brought to Europe until the sixteenth century, from South America. It was the nineteenth century before Rafaele Esposito, a baker from Naples, began to sell the first modern pizzas. He was asked to bake a special pizza for a visit by the Italian King and Queen in 1889, and so the first pizza Margarita was created, named after the Queen.
Pizza became a favourite dish in Italy, but it was after the Second World War, when thousands of American soldiers went home from Europe, that pizza really became an international dish. Soon there were pizzerias all over the USA, and American chains like Pizza Hut spread the idea around the world. today the average American eats over ten kilogram’s of pizza a year, and the world’s largest pizza (measuring thirty metres across) was baked not in Italy, but in Havana, Cuba!
Discos
Have you ever wondered where the modern disco started? Before the Second World War, men and women going to nightclubs danced in couples to live bands. But in Paris during the war, Jazz bands were banned in clubs. People still wanted to dance, so they took along their gramophone players instead, and the very first ‘discotheques’ were created. The idea remained popular after the war, partly because it was cheaper to pay a DJ than a whole band, and soon Parisian discotheques were copied in the USA and other countries.
It was the arrival of the dance craze called ‘The Twist’ in 1961 that really made discos though, as for the first time couples danced without touching each other. Even Jacqueline Kennedy, the wife of the US president, was photographed doing the dance. Fashion, music and technology have moved on quite a bit since then, but the basic idea has never lost its popular.
Karaoke
If dancing isn’t your thing, perhaps you prefer singing? Everyone knows that karaoke comes from Japan, but it is not the Japanese for ‘drunk and tone-deaf’ as you might think! It actually means ‘empty orchestra’. It all started in a small music bar in the city of Kobe. One night when the usual guitarist didn’t turn up, the desperate bar owner recorded some music and invited his customers to sing instead. The craze soon spread, and special karaoke machines were invented. The idea was that however badly you sang everyone applauded at the end, and it proved the perfect way for stressed Japanese businessmen to unwind.
Today, just twenty years after it started in Kobe, you can find karaoke bars all over the world. it is so popular in China that restaurants normally have several karaoke machines going at the same time. These days, you can hire karaoke machines that not only play music and videos, but also have smoke machines, laser lights, and even dancers and a DJ to accompany you, while you make-believe for a few minutes that you are a star. As one karaoke fan put it, ‘it’s something everyone should try at least once in their life’.
1. Work in pairs. Red the rest of the article and complete the sentences.
a. Jazz band were banned in Paris nightclubs during the war.
b. The first tomatoes were brought to Europe in 16th century .
c. Karaoke started in a bar in the city of Cobe in Japan .
d. The first margarita pizza was created by Rafaele Esposito .
e. The biggest pizza ever was baked in Havana, Cuba .
f. ‘The Twist’ became popular in 1961 .
g. Pizzas were brought to America by American soldiers .
h. Karaoke started about 20 years ago.
2. Can you guess the meaning of these words and phrases from the context?
a. flat (smooth)
b. to spread (cover a large area)
c. banned (prohibited)
d. moved on (changing)
e. not your thing (don’t like it)
f. tone-deaf (not good in singing)
g. to unwind (to relax)
h. to make-believe (pretend)
3. Polite requests
Asking if you can do things (asking for permission)
Asking
Saying yes
Saying no
Can I … ?
Could I …?
Could I possible …?
Is it all right if I …?
Do you think I could …? Yes, sure.
Yes, of course.
That’s fine.
Certainly.
Well, I’m afraid
(+reason) …
Well, the problem
is that …
Do you mind if I …?
No, not at all.
Of course not.
Sorry, but …
4. Work in pairs. Rewrite the dialogues to make them sound polite. Then act out the dialogues.
a. A: I want to Can I speak to Maria, please?
B: I’m sorry ^ She’s out. Could you ^ call her back late?
b. A: I want to use your pen. (Could I use your pen?)
B: Yes.
c. A: pass me my coat. (Could you pass me my coat?)
B: here you are.
d. A: lend me £10 till tomorrow. (Could you possible borrow me £10 till tomorrow?)
B: I haven’t got any money.
e. A: Bring me another coffee. (Could you bring me another coffee?)
B: Yes.
f. A: Lend me your phone. (Do you mind borrowing your phone?)
B: It needs charging.
g. A: Tell me the way to the bus station. (Could you tell me the way to the bus station?)
B: I don’t know this area.
h. A: Pick up my suit from the dry cleaner’s. (Could you pick up ….?)
B: I won’t be able to. I’ll have too much to carry.
1. Language Focus 2
Complete the following sentences from the recording. Then listen again and check.
a. I’ll go and see what he wants.
b. Look, tell Tony I’ll come in early tomorrow.
c. Don’t worry, I’ll give you a life home.
d. No, really, I’ll phone for a taxi.
2. Will for instant decisions and responses
1. If we make a decision at the moment of speaking we use ‘will’.
I suddenly feel a bit tired … I think I’ll stay in tonight.
2. Very often these decisions are offers.
Don’t worry – I’ll give you a life.
This use of will is often contracted with going to (used if you’ve already decided). Compare the following pairs of sentences.
A. Do you want to play squash tomorrow sometime?
B. Sorry, I can’t – we’re going to paint the living room this weekend.
(=they’ve already decided to do this)
A. Do you want to go and have a quick coffee?
B. Good idea … I’ll finish this later.
(=speaker decided at that moment)
3. For instant decisions and responses, we always use the contracted form ‘ll and not the full form will / shall.
A) Read the situations. Write two or three things you might say in each one, using I’ll and the phrases in the box.
Babysit … go and buy some …
Phone the … call you a …
Help you with … phone you …
Carry … for you …. lend you my …
Put on some … come with you to …
Look after … take you …
Take you out for …
1. Your friend calls to say he can’t go to a party tonight because he’s got a lot of homework to do. You’ve already finished yours. What do you say to your friend?
2. You are having dinner in a restaurant with a group of friends. Suddenly the person next to you tells you she feels really ill. What do you say to her?
3. You are at a friend’s house with a group of people, but nobody seems to be enjoying themselves. Your friend looks more and more worried. What do you say to him/ her?
4. You find you’ve won £500 in a competition. What do you say to your friends?
5. Your sister and her husband have been invited to a party, but can’t go because they can’t find a babysitter. What do you say to them?
6. You see your teacher in the corridor carrying a big pile of dictionaries. What do you say to him / her?
7. Your mum comes home from work with a really bad headache. What do you say to her?
B) Give your sentences to another pair. Which do they think is the best answer for each situation?
4. Tips for visitors to Thailand
Thailand is famous for its hospitality, and the average visitor will have no difficulty in adapting to local customs. The following tips are mostly common sense, but to avoid giving offence foreign visitors may find them useful.
a. When addressing a Thai person it is polite to use just their first name / surname.
b. In more formal situations you should use the word ‘Khun’. This is like ‘Mr’ and is used for addressing men / both men and women.
c. It is not usual to shake hands when you meet a Thai person – instead you do a wai – you put your hands together as if you are saying a prayer, and bow your head slightly. You should always do this when you meet older people / your friends.
d. Couples should be careful how they behave. Thai couples tend not to hold hands in public and it is acceptable / not acceptable for couples to kiss in public.
e. The head is very important in Thai culture. It is not respectful / acceptable to touch another person’s head.
f. Remember, if you are invited to someone’s home it is important to take your shoes off / keep your shoes on.
g. In Thailand, people tend to serve food in large bowls in the centre of the table.
Everyone helps themselves, using chopsticks / a spoon and fork.
Finally remember that it is very important to show respect to the Thai royal family. Thai people always do this, and expect visitors to do the same.
5. Language focus 3
Making generalizations
Analysis
1. The following generalizations about Thai culture come from the travel guide. Notice how we use it to introduce generalizations.
It is important to take your shoes off.
It is not usual to shake hands.
It is not acceptable for couples to kiss in public.
Underline three more generalizations introduced by It in the travel guide. Think of some more adjectives you can use in this way.
2. Tend to + verb is also used to make generalizations.
People tend to serve food in large bowls in the middle of the table.
Thai couples tend not to hold hands.
6. Making generalizations
1. Impersonal or ‘empty’ it.
When often use it + adjective + infinitive to describe a general situation or experience.
It’s normal to have lunch around twelve.
It’s difficult for young people to find accommodation.
In this pattern, we talk about people using for.
It’s common for people to eat outside in summer.
It’s difficult for young people to find accommodation.
2. Tend to + verb
When use tend to + verb to say that something often happiness.
People in the country tend to be very friendly.
Notice that the negative form is tend not to + verb.
Older people her tend not to go out in large groups.
3. Most people, a lot of people, not many people, very few people
Notice that people is a plural noun.
Most people live in flats rather than houses.
A lot of people go to the coast at the weekends.
Not many people stay in the city in August.
Very few people speak a foreign language.
7. Choose adjectives from the box to make true sentences about your country, starting with It’s.
(not) acceptable (not) important (perfectly) normal
(not) okay (not) respectful rude / polite ((not) usual
a. Keep your shoes on in people’s houses. (It’s not acceptable to keep your shoes on -)
b. Treat old people with respect. (It’s perfectly normal to treat old people ….)
c. Friends shake hands when they meet. (It’s not usual to shake hands …)
d. Strangers call you by your first name. (It’s not usual to call the strangers by …)
e. Use ‘Mr’ and ‘Mrs’ when you address people. (It’s acceptable to address …)
f. Say rude things about royalty or politicians (It’s not acceptable to say rude things …)
g. Men bow to women (It’s not acceptable to bow …)
h. Serve food in large bowls in the middle of the table. (It’s perfectly normal to serve food…)
i. Touch people on the head (It’s not respectful to touch the people’s head)
j. Couples hold hands in public (It’s not polite for couples to hold hand in public)
8. Tick the sentences that are true about your country. If they are not true, change them.
a. People in offices tend to wear casual clothes to work.
b. People don’t tend to dress up when they go out.
c. Women tend to wear a lot of make-up and jewellery.
d. Young women don’t tend to go out in groups.
e. Parents tend to be strict with their daughters about going out.
1. A) Listen to eight people talk about a social custom in their country. Make a note of which of the topics in the box each one mentioned.
Amy, 25 from Canada
Pawel, 39 from Russia
Rosa, 33 from Peru
Ian, 30 from England
Dong-Min , 18 from Korea
Lee Kuan, 20 from Singapore
Ramon, 24 from Spain
Khalid, 22 from Bahrain
Behavior between the sexes
Being late
How you greet and address people
Smoking
The way people dress
Typical times for going out / eating
What people do when they go out
B) Listen again. What do they say about these things in their country?
2. Listen and complete the missing phrases.
a. Generally you pay fifty-fifty for everything .
b. And you always offer to pay.
c. Men usually shake hands when they greet each other.
d. It’s quite common to shake hands with all the other men in the room.
e. It’s perfectly OK to arrive an hour late.
f. Generally nowadays, it’s not really acceptable to smoke in people’s houses.
g. People expect you to dress smartly.
h. It’s important to be fashionable.
i. It’s normally to go out late in Spain.
3. Useful language
A) What to do
Generally people …
Most Spanish / young people …
Always remember to …
It’s polite / usual / important / perfectly OK / common to …
Don’t be surprised if …
People expect you to …
B) What not to do
You should never …
These days, nobody …
Nobody cares about …
It might seem strange if you …
It’s not acceptable to ….
Real life
Making a social arrangement
4. Laurence is phoning Roger. Listen and answer the following questions.
a. What do you think is the relationship between Roger, Laurence and Millie?
b. Why is Roger busy at the moment?
c. Where and when does Laurence invite Roger for a meal?
d. What plans have Roger and Millie for that day?
e. What suggestions does Laurence make to solve the problem?
f. When should Laurence give Roger another ring?
1. The diagram below shows some common phrases with go. Study the diagram.
go + a place
go to hospital phrasal verbs
go to church go on / out / away / off
go to the mosque
go home
other phrases
go to sleep GO go = ‘become’
go on holiday go mad / bald / grey
go to bed
go + -ing go for a + noun
go shopping / swimming go for a coffee / drink / run
2. Find a phrase with go that means the following.
1. Go continue ( go on / ahead)
2. To explode (go off)
3. To lose your hair (go bald)
3. Think of a situation where you might say the following.
1. Go away!
2. Go to sleep!
3. Oh, no! I’m going grey!
4. He went mad at me! Get very angry
5. Let’s go for a drink!
4. Walk around the classroom and find someone who ….
a. went to bed late last night.
b. goes to church / the temple regularly.
c. would like to go for a coffee / drink after class.
d. is going on holiday soon.
e. is going out tomorrow night.
f. usually goes home immediately after class.
g. goes for a run regularly.
h. hates going shopping.
i. likes going swimming at the weekend.
j. sometimes has difficult going to sleep.
k. usually goes for a walk at the weekend.
l. has never been to hospital.
Decide what questions you will ask before you begin, and speak to as many students in the class as you can.
Test Module 7
1. offers and requests
match the sentences in A an explanation in B.
A
a. Do you mind if I open the window?
b. No, not at all.
c. Could you open the window, please?
d. Sure, go ahead.
e. Sorry, but I can’t.
B
1. The speaker is making a request. (c)
2. The speaker is asking for permission. (a)
3. The speaker is refusing a request. (e)
4. The speaker is giving permission. (b)
5. The speaker is agreeing to a request. (d)
2. Will for instant decisions and responses
Match the beginnings of sentences in A to the endings in B. which sentences are:
• Offers?
• Decisions made at the moment of speaking?
• Decisions made before the moment of speaking?
A
a. I’ll carry your books
b. I’ll try again later
c. I’m going to get fit this summer
d. I’ll do the washing up
e. I’ll take the red pair of shoes
f. I’m going to cook this evening
B
1. I’ve signed up for a course at the gym. (c)
2. I don’t like the black ones so much. (e)
3. they look very heavy. (d)
4. I bought all ingredients this morning. (d)
5. his phone’s off at the moment. (b)
6. you cooked so its only fair. (f)
3. words that go together
underline the word or phrases in B which makes a correct combination with A.
A B
a. order 1. some food / a tip / the waiter
b. book 2. your food / in advance / the bill
c. split 3. the bill / a lift / a tip
d. give someone 4. a date / a life home /a waiter
e. send someone 5. a card / a lift / a date
4. word building
Write the adjectives from these words.
a. accept acceptable
b. respect respectful
c. importance important
5. Making generalizations
Choose the correct alternative. (-- means ‘no word’.)
a. It’s normal go / going / to go out in a large group.
b. It’s quite difficult for / that / -- you people find a good job.
c. A lot of / the / -- young people enjoy dancing.
d. Very few of / the / -- people stay out late.
e. People tend never / not / not to blow their nose in public – it’s considered impolite.
6. Phrases with go
What phrases with go mean:
a. to lose your hair? go bald .
b. to continue? go on / ahead .
c. to leave? go off and
d. to return home? go home .
Can you remember any other phrases with go?
1. Which of these do you have experience of? Do you feel positively about them? Why / why not?
Call centres mobile phones
the Internet e-mail
computer help desks texting
laptops / palm tops digital TV
2. Which thing(s) in exercises 1 do you associate the following words and phrases with?
a better quality picture the customer care department
hardware instruction manuals
being out of date saving time
a spare part software
use your thumbs
MACHINES BEHAVING BADLY
Everything, it seems, has a mobile these days, even children in kindergarten. Billions of text messages fly round the world every day, and computers and call centres run every aspect of our lives. But is all this really making life better? Here are seven good reasons to hate modern technology.
A It doesn’t save you time
Many people make the mistake of thinking that technology is there to save you time. Wrong. It is there to give people new ways of filling their time. Take personal computers. Learning how to use all the features of a new PC uses up all the time that having a computer saves. And what about all the hours you spend staring at incomprehensible instruction manuals for your new phone / TV / digital doorbell?
B It doesn’t save you time
Of course it’s wonderful to have a CD player, a mobile, a home computer, or an electric toaster, for that matter. But do you really want to play computer games on the 4cm screen of your mobile phone? Do you need your computer to answer the phone, or you TV to make toast?
C More choice does not mean better
Digital TV is a perfect example. When it arrived, we were promised a better quality picture and more choice. But at eleven o’clock at night as you flick through the 97 channels you can now get, it is not the quality of the picture that you worry about. More the fact that not one single programme is worth watching.
D It was out of date before you bought it
After several frustrating weeks of finding all the right software for your new PC, then phoning ‘help’ desks when it doesn’t it doesn’t work, you will proudly show off your new machine to friends only to hear ‘Oh, are you still using that one? I’m thinking of buying the new PYX 5000, myself’. A few months later, when you try to buy some minor spare part, you find it is no longer manufactured, and that is would be much cheaper to replace the whole computer with the new PYX 7500.
E No one takes responsibility when things go wrong
This is easy, because very few people really understand how the machines they have bought work. so you phone the software company and they will tell you it’s a hardware problem. You then phone the hardware company and they tell you it’s a software problem. Call centres are the worst. Phone the so-called ‘customer care’ number, and after waiting on hold for fifteen minutes you will be told you need the sales department. The sales department assures you that it’s the technical department but you back through to customer care. People can spend weeks of their lives like this.
F It’s destroying the English language
Apparently, teenagers now do so much texting and e-mailing that their thumbs are getting bigger. Unfortunately, they are also forgetting how to spell. One American schoolgirl recently wrote her entire essay on ‘My summer holidays’ in text speak. It began ‘B4 we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3 kids. ILNY it’s a GR* plc.’
G It’s anti-social
A recent survey showed that more than eight out of ten young people would rather text their friends or family than actually speak to them in person. And according to the same survey, twenty-five percent of people would answer their mobile phone even during a moment of passion. I ask you is this really a better world?
3.
• Read the article written by someone who is a ‘technophobe’ (someone who doesn’t like modern machines). Then match the headings below with the seven paragraphs.
1. It does things you don’t need.
2. It doesn’t save you time.
3. It was out of date before you bought it.
4. It’s anti-social.
5. It’s destroying the English language.
6. More choice does not mean better.
7. No one takes responsibility when things go wrong.
• Compare your answers in groups.
4. Work in pairs. Answer the following questions according to the author.
a. Why doesn’t a PC save you time?
b. Why do people have to replace their computers so often?
c. Why is it easy for help desks and call centres to not take responsibility’?
d. What is the problem with digital TV?
e. What three effects is text messaging having on young people?
5. Can you guess the meaning of these words and phrases form the context?
a. anti-social
b. filling your time filling your time
c. staring at
d. flick through change quickly
e. show off
f. waiting on hold
g. text speak
6. language focus 1
Defining relative clauses
Do the quiz below to find out how computer friendly you are.
Are you a ‘techie’ or a ‘technophobe’?
Match each word in the box with a definition.
an antivirus
broadband
cyberspace
the Internet
a mouse
a techie
a technophobe
a. A person who doesn’t like machines especially computers. (a technophobe)
b. A computer system which allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information. (the Internet)
c. A system that is able to send different types of communication signals down a telephone line at the same time. (broadband)
d. A piece of software you install on your computer to protect it from viruses. (an antivirus)
e. A small object which (can leave out) you move with your hands to give instructions to the computer. (a mouse)
f. The imaginary place where electronic messages, information, pictures, etc. exist when they are sent from one computer to another. (cyberspace)
g. Someone whose life is dominated by technology – especially computers. (a techie)
7. Analysis
1. Look at the quiz and underline the relative pronouns.
A person who doesn’t like machines, especially computers.
2. Complete the following rules.
a. Who and that are used to refer to people.
b. Which and that are used to refer to things.
c. Whose is used to refer to possessions.
d. Where is used to refer to places or locations.
3. Why is there no relative pronoun in definition d? In which other sentence can we leave out the relative pronoun?
8. Defining relative clauses
Defining relative give us information about things, people, possessions, places and times using a relative pronoun.
1. Things (that, which or -)
A machine which converts information.
A calculator is a small machine that does arithmetic.
Remember!
What is not possible here.
A calculator is a machine what does arithmetic.
2. People (who, that or -)
A person who doesn’t use technology.
A newsreader is a person that reads the news
The pronoun that is less common than who.
Remember!
Notice that in all the examples above, which, who and that are the subject of the clause, so they cannot be left out.
We can leave out which, who and that if they are the object of the relative clause.
There are people (who/ that) you can phone if you have a problem.
Gloves are things (which/ that) you wear in cold weather.
3. Possessions (whose)
He’s a person whose life is dominated by computers. (= his life)
An orphan is a child whose parents have died. (= his/ her parents)
4. Places (where, which / that + preposition)
We can refer to places in the following ways:
This is the house where I grew up.
This is the house (which / that) I grew up in.
Notice that if we have a preposition at the end of a sentence, the relative pronoun can be omitted.
5. Times (when)
The evening’s a time when we can all relax.
Saturday’s the day when I tidy the flat.
9. Which words in the box do the definitions below describe? Complete them with the correct relative pronoun.
boiler body guard cleaner
cooker decorator dry cleaner’s
launderette photocopier plumber
typewriter vacuum cleaner stationer’s
freezer cook
1. A ( photocopier ) is a machine that / which makes copies of documents.
2. A ( body guard ) is a person who protects important people from being attacked.
3. A ( launderette ) is a place with washing machines that you can wash your clothes.
4. A ( plumper ) is a person whose job is to mend central heating, taps, etc.
5. A (vacuum cleaner) is a machine that you use to clean floors and carpets.
10. Match the other words in the box to the prompts below. Then write definitions.
Use which, that, who, whose or where if necessary.
1. machine / cook / food
2. person / you pay / cook for you
3. person / you pay / clean your house or office စုတ္ညိ
4. old-fashioned machine / you use for typing
5. machine / heat water for baths, etc.
6. shop / job is to paint houses
7. shop / you buy office supplies
1. Listen to four short conversations. Which of the machines below are the people talking about? Which words and phrases tell you this?
an answering machine (1) a cassette player a watch
a digital camera (2) a laptop computer (4) a mobile phone
(3) a photocopier a radio a vacuum leaner
2. Match a word or phrases from A with a phrase from B. Then listen and check.
A B
a. switch on / off
b. plug in
c. press]
d. rewind / fast forward (c) the button
(a) your mobile
(d) the tape
(b) the vacuum cleaner
e. restart
f. turn up / down
g. replay (f) the volume
(g) your messages
(e) your computer
h. shut down
i. hold down
j. pause (j) the tape
(h) your computer
(i) the button
k. my computer
l. my mobile phone
m. the batteries (l) needs recharging
(k) ‘s crashed
(m) need replacing
3. Work in pairs. Write three sentences about five of the items below, using some of the phrases from exercise 2. Then swap sentences with another pair and see if they can guess what you’re describing.
a digital camera a DVD player an electric cooker
a fax machine a games console an MP3 player
a walkman a washing machine
Example: (a dishwasher)
You can switch it on and off.
It doesn’t need batteries.
It has to be plugged in before it’ll work.
4. Listen and complete the gaps.
a. Every year we have several cases where people have to be rescued.
b. If people just use a bit of common sense …
c. … and follow a few basic rules for survival, this could so easily be avoided.
d. Let one or two people know where and when you’re going.
e. There’s not really much chance of finding you if we don’t know where to look.
5. Analysis
1) Which of the words below are countable? Which are uncountable?
chance u / c
fuel u
rule c
water u
2) Look at words in the gaps in exercise 4 above. All these words are known as quantifiers. Make three lists.
a. Quantifiers which are used with countable nouns, e.g. several
b. Quantifiers which are use with uncountable nouns, e.g. a bit of
c. Quantifiers which are used with both, e.g. plenty of
Team A
A) Choose eight words or phrases and write questions for the words using relative clauses.
Air traffic controller Answering machine
Beach (it is a place where an area of sand or rocks next to the sea) Call centre
Cartoon Chain of restaurants
Colleague (it is a person who you work with) Costumes
Hero (it is a person who does sth brave or good which people respect or admire him)Neighbor
Rainforest Shopping mall
Slippers Temporary job
Trainee manager
Example:
What do you call a person who …?
B) Now take turns to rest team B. your teacher will give you two points for a good question and two points for a correct answer to Team B’s questions. The team with the most points at the end wins.
1. a) Match each phrase below to an object in the photo.
1. It’s made of glass / leather / silver / plastic / …
2. It’s sharp / valuable tiny / easy to break / soft / …
3. It’s round / long / and thin / …
4. It’s got a lid / a handle(s) / buttons / batteries.
5. It’s used for cutting / sticking things together / carrying things.
b) Think of at least two more words to go in 1, 2, and 3 above.
2. Task: Make a list of things you’d hate to be without.
Preparation: listening
You will hear six people talking about something they would hate to be without. Listen and complete the table.
Object How he / she describes it Why it is important to him / her
1. Mobile phone
X Contact, community, organize and socialize
2. Alarm clock
X Sentimental value
3. Guitar
X Sentimental value
4. Computer
No Internet, email, community
5. CD walkman
X Train, for travelling, blocking the sound child crying, and sentimental value
3. Spend a few minutes thinking about how to describe these things and why they are important to you. Mention some or all of the following.
- What the object is
- Where / how / which you got it
- Description of the object (colour, size, etc.)
- Why it’s important to you
- What you use it for
- Why couldn’t live without it
- Any stories / memories associated with it
4. Useful language
a. Introducing objects
I couldn’t live without my …
One thing I’d hate to be without is …
b. Describing objects
I bought it when I …
It was given to me by my …
I’ve had it for …
It’s made of …
It’s quite (small) …
It used to belong to …
c. Saying why it’s important
It’s really important to me because …
I need it for …
It’s very valuable.
It’s got great sentimental value.
It reminds me of …
I’d be really lost without it.
5. Listen to two conversations and complete the table.
Conversation 1 Conversation 2
Item
Reference
Cost of item
Pay by credit card?
Other useful information
6. Quantifiers (a few, a lot of, etc.)
With uncountable nouns only With countable nouns only With both uncountable and countable nouns
(too) much
a bit of
a little (too) many
one or two
several
a couple (of)
a few
(not) any
(not) enough
a lot of/ lots of
no
plenty of
some
loads of
1) some and any
Some means ‘a limited quantity or number of something’. it is often used in positive sentences.
I like some pop music. (=but not all)
We can also use some in the question form when we make requests and offers.
Can you give some information about excursions? (=request)
Would you like some more soup? (= offer)
Any is often used in negatives and questions.
We haven’t got any milk in the fridge.
Are there any questions?
2) a lot of and much / many
A lot of is usually used in positive sentences. It is common in speech or informal writing.
We sell a lot of imported goods.
In informal speech and writing, much and many are generally used in questions and negatives.
We’d better hurry- we haven’t got much time.
Are there many clothes shops in your town?
3) too much / many (negative meaning)
We used to too much and too many when there is more of something than we need.
Let’s go somewhere else. There are too many people in here. (= it’s too crowded)
Do you want some of my pizza? there’s too much for me. (= I can’t eat it all)
4) enough
We use enough to mean ‘as much as we need’.
Have we got enough chairs for everyone?
5) Plenty of
We use plenty of to mean ‘more than enough’. It has a positive meaning.
Don’t worry- we’ve got plenty of time before your train leaves.
We’ve got plenty of sandwiches for everyone- we don’t need any more.
7. Work in pairs. Discuss which quantifiers best complete the following sentences about your classroom or place of work.
a. There’s a little of space for everyone to work.
b. There are a lot of / some comfortable chairs.
c. There’s plenty of natural light
d. There’s plenty of fresh air.
e. There are a few notices on the wall.
f. There are a few plants.
g. There’s no / some valuable equipment.
h. There are plenty of stars.
i. There’s some noise from outside.
j. There are plenty of / loads of of people to talk to.
6. Match the sentences in A with the response in B.
A
1. I’d like to buy a Toshiba 50 cm screen television.
2. Do I have to pay for delivery?
3. How would you like to pay, sir?
4. Could you give me your postcode, please?
5. Keep your receipt sir, because it’s your guarantee.
6. Do you want to make an enquiry or place an order?
7. Anything else?
8. How much will it be altogether?
9. Can I send them back if they don’t fit?
B
a. Place an order, please. (6)
b. BR5 8KS (4)
c. I’ll just check that we’ve got one in stock. (1)
d. The total cost of your order, including postage and packing, is £42. 49, and it should be with you in three to five working days. (8)
e. Okay, and how long is it guaranteed for? (5)
f. By mastercard if that’s okay. (3)
g. Yes, that’s fine. (9)
h. No, that’s it thanks. (7)
i. Yes, I’m afraid it’s an extra £20.00 (2)
7. Work in pairs. Write a dialogue about one of the things below. Use the phrases in exercise 6 and the tapescript to help you. if possible, read or act out your dialogue.
a desktop computer / printer a DVD player some shirts
a pair of shoes a new skirt a washing machine
1. Read the note, card, e-mail and letter below. What is each person saying thank you for?
2. Complete the gaps with the sentences below.
1. I’ve worn it lots of times already.
2. We haven’t eaten so much for ages.
3. We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves.
4. Just what I needed for the party.
Laura,
Thanks a million for lending me your gorgeous leather jacket. (a) 4 .
You saved my life! Anyway here it is, safely returned. Am giving it to you mum as probably won’t see you till Monday. Have a great weekend, and hope I can do the same for you some time!
Love and kisses,
Anna
xxxxx (18-20 / friends)
My dear Emma,
Just a quick card to say thank you so much for the wonderful lunch you cooked for
us on Sunday. (b) 2 .
The food was absolutely delicious. Mark is very lucky that he is marrying such a good cook. We were also delighted to meet your parents at last, and hope that we will all meet again soon, before the wedding. With very best wishes from both of us,
Pat and Alec. (14-15 / parents)
14 Everdean Close
York
5 Janaury 2005
Dear Hannah and Andy,
Thank you very much for the Manchester United shirt you bought for Christmas, it’s really cool.
(c) 1 . I got some new football boots from Granny, and some Manchester United shorts from Mum and Dad, so I can wear them together. I hope you had a nice Christmas too. Mum sends her love.
Love from,
Adam (14 / cousin , relatives)
Send Options
Subject: thank you
Hi Julie and max,
Just a quick line to say thank you so much for havin g us to stay at the weekend, we had such fun! Your new flat is lovely, and it was lovely to have a relaxing walk by the river-
(d) 3 ! You must com e and stay with us too – it’s lovely here in the summer with the beach so near. You know you’re always welcome.
Lots of love from both of us,
Rosa and Martin
xxxxxx
(20 / friends)
1. a) Read the first text about the world’s worst predictions: getting it wrong! And match the predictions to the topics below.
Computers Fashion Film and TV Music
Science and Technology
b) Which prediction has actually come true? Which invention is the writer prediction?
2. Can you guess the meaning of these words and phrases from the context?
a. amount to anything (quote 1) (become successful)
b. value (quote 4) (use importance)
c. nonsense (quote 6) (stupid / silly)
d. launched (quote 6) (send into space)
e. glued to (quote 7) (concentrate)
f. on their way out (quote 8) (unpopular / unfashionable)
g. turned down (quote 8) (refuse)
h. devices (quote 10) (electronic item)
Getting it right?
• ‘All the things we need at present to prove our identity will disappear: credit cards, driving licences, keys, and so on. Computer programmes will be able to recognize our unique appearance. Doors will open, cars will start, pay phones and parking metres will automatically bill you.’
• ‘It will be a very comfortable world, there will be technology to keep your house tidy and the grass in your garden green. Televisions will be able to study and learn their owners’ reactions and suggest programmes to watch. It will make sure that commercials that annoy you are not repeated.’
• ‘The world economy will change. The wealth of a country will depend on its workers’ technical knowledge. India has already become a high-tech superpower. Any developing country could do the same in ten years.
• ‘Computers themselves will design and ‘breed’ new computers programmed in ways that no human being can understand.’
• ‘we will have machines that are a billion times more intelligent that we are, but only in narrow, specific ways. Computers won’t ever be intelligent in the ways that we are; we cannot programme a computer to do what a mosquito does, certainly not what a human being does. Machines will do what they are good at and people will do what they are good at. Humans will do the creative tasks, leaving the boring work to computers.’
Getting it wrong!
Ever since ancient times ‘experts’ have been predicting the future. If you were frightened that the end of the world was coming in the year 2000, you needn’t have worried: the same prediction was made in the years AD 500, 1000 and 1500. But it’s not just astrologers who get it wrong. Here is a selection of the world’s worst predictions, made by people who should have known better.
1. ‘It doesn’t matter what he does, he will never amount to anything.’ Albert Einstein’s teacher talking to his father, 1895. ( x)
2. ‘Who will want to hear an actor talk?’ H.M. Warner, Warner Bros, 1927 on the first talking films. (Computer)
3. ‘I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.’ Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943. (science and technology)
4. ‘Airplanes are interesting toys, but they will be of no military value.’ Marechal Ferdinand Foch, French professor of military strategy, 1910. (fashion and TV) (fashion and TV)
5. ‘You’d better learn secretarial work or get married.’ Director of Blue Book Modelling Agency advising Marilyn Monroe, 1944. (science and technology)
6. ‘The idea of space travel is nonsense.’ Sir Harold Spencer Jones, Astronomer Royal of Great Britain, 1957. Two weeks later the Russians launched Sputnik (the world’s first space satellite). (film and TV)
7. ‘The problem with television is that people must sit and keep their eyes glued to the screen, and the average American family just hasn’t time for it.’ New York Times, 1939. (Music)
8. ‘We don’t like their sound, groups of guitars are on their way out.’ Decca Recording company when turning down The Beatles, 1962. The group were also turned down by Pye, Columbia and GMV. (fashion)
9. ‘It’s a bad joke that won’t last. Not with the winter coming.’ Fashion designer Coco Chanel, speaking about the mini-shirt, 1966. (computers)
10. ‘By 2000, computers and other devices linked by telephones and radio waves will allow millions of people to exchange electronic mail, shop, work at home, take classes, pay taxes, plan holidays and entertain themselves.’ James Martin in the Wired Society, 1977. (science and technology)
11. ‘By 2000, more than 1,000 people will live and work on the moon, according to NASA predictions.’ Omni Future Almanac, 1982.(science and technology)
12. ‘Everything that can be invented has already been invented.’ Charles H Duell, Chief of the US Office of Patents, 1899. (science and technology)
3. Are these sentences the same or different from what James Martin predicts?
Write S for the same and D for the different.
a. We won’t have to carry so many forms of identification because machines will be able to recognize us. (S)
b. We won’t have to pay for telephones and parking. (D)
c. Technology will do a lot of the housework that humans do now. (S)
d. Our TVs will be able to analyse our tastes. (S)
e. Developing countries will become wealthy if they educate their workers correctly. (S)
f. Computers will be able to create newer computers without human help. (S)
g. One day, computers will be able to do everything human beings can do. (D)
h. Humans will no longer have to do boring tasks. (S)
4. Analysis
1. When you make predictions there are different ways of showing how sure you are.
a. Adverbs will will / won’t (Notice the word order.)
The world economy will probably change.
Computers definitely won’t be as intelligent as human beings.
b. Modals
India may become a rich country.
c. is (not) likely to
Life in the future is likely to be very comfortable.
2. Put the words / phrases below in the best place on the line to show how sure we are that the predictions will happen.
1. will probably 5. probably won’t
2. almost certainly won’t 6. almost certainly won’t
3. isn’t aren’t likely to 7. isn’t aren’t likely to
4. could / may well 8. could / may well
100% will definitely
A 2 .
B 1 .
C 3 .
D 8 .
E 4 .
F 7 .
G 5 .
H 6 .
0 % definitely won’t
5. Making predictions
1. using will or won’t
We often use adverbs with will and won’t to show how certain we are about something.
Our team will probably lose on Saturday.
I think he’ll almost certainly pass the exam.
We definitely won’t be there on time.
These adverbs (probably, almost certainly, definitely, etc.) come after will but before won’t.
2. using may (not) / might (not) / could
These modal verbs all mean that something is possible in the future. We add well if we are more sure it will happen.
It may / might / could snow tomorrow. (=it is possible)
It may / might / could well snow tomorrow. (=we are more sure)
We can use may and might, but not could, in the negative form.
{may not}
He {might not} phone this weekend.
{could not }
3. likely to
We use likely to when we think something will probably happen. We can also use the genitive form.
People are likely to live longer in the next century.
Computers are not likely to replace teachers.
6. A) Look at the predictions below. Add phrases for the Analysis that show what you think.
1. Children will at home rather than at school.
Children probably won’t study at home rather than at school.
2. All housework will be done by robots.
All housework probably won’t be done by robots.
3. There will be no more need for dentists.
There will almost certainly be more need for dentists.
4. There will be a cure for most diseases.
There are likely to be a cure for most diseases.
5. All teaching will be done by computers.
All teaching will definitely be done by computers.
6. Chinese will be the world’s number one language.
Chinese will probably be the world’s number one language.
7. Small shops will disappear.
Small shops will almost certainly disappear.
8. There will be no newspapers.
There may be no newspapers.
9. People will live to the age of 130.
People almost certainly won’t live to the age of 130.
10. Cars will report bad driving to the police.
Cars will probably report bad driving to the police.
B) Compare your opinions with other students.
7. Write ten predictions of your own about:
-famous people -the rest of this lesson
-sporting events -your friends and classmates
-The weather -yourself and your family
Examples: My friend Sonia may well get married next year.
It will almost certainly be hot tomorrow.
1. Vocabulary
Society and change
Listen to the extracts from news items where these items are discussed. Match A and B, according to the recording.
A B
1. Health care is getting worse
is getting better.*
2. The number of people is decreasing.
Learning English is increasing.*
3. Roads are becoming more dangerous.
are becoming less dangerous.*
4. The cost of travel is going up.*
is going down.
5. Unemployment is falling.*
is rising.
6. The quality of TV is deteriorating.*
Programmes is improving.
7. The economic situation is getting worse.
is getting better.*
8. The number of people is rising.*
going abroad for their is falling.
holidays
9. The education system is deteriorating.*
is improving.
10. The number of people is decreasing.*
Who take regular is increasing.
Exercise
2. Pronunciation
Complete the table
Noun verb adjective
a. decrease to decrease decreasing
b. economy --- economic
c. education educate educational / educated
d. improvement to improve improving
e. increase to increase increasing
f. unemployment --- unemployed
3. According to a Reader’s Digest / Daily Mail poll, 46% of Britons would hide income in order to pay less tax, compared to 16% of Europeans. 80% of Britons would return the money if they were given too much change in a shop or restaurant, and 76% would hand in a wallet they found in the street. However, 60% would steal office stationary, 66% would travel by train without a ticket, and 36% would park in a disabled parking space. Only 5% would drink-drive.
How socially responsible are you?
Would you …
Yes No Depends
a. hand in a wallet you found in the street?
b. tell a shop assistant if she charged you too little?
c. steal office or school stationary?
d. travel by train without a ticket?
e. drive above the speed limit?
f. keep a book borrowed from a library?
g. pretend to be sick to take a day off work or school?
h. avoid paying income tax
i. park in a disabled parking space?
j. drop litter?
4. A) listen to three people talking about the questionnaire. Which question are
they discussing.
B)` listen again and complete the gaps.
1. I would definitely travel on a train without a ticket … I would feel bad
about it at all!
2. I ‘d never break the speed limit in an area with lots of people around …
if a child stepped in front of my car and I was peaking,
I would never forgive myself.
3. I have to admit a lot of the things here apart from one thing. I would never
drop litter. I would put my rubbish in my bag and take it home if there
weren’t any litter around.
5.` Analysis
1. Which sentence below describes
a. A real future situation?
b. An imaginary situation?
I’ll definitely travel by train. (a)
I’d definitely travel without a train ticket. (b)
Which verb forms are used in each? Underline the other sentences with would / wouldn’t in exercise4.
2. We often talk about hypothetical situations using if. Find two examples in exercise 4. Which tense is used after if? Does this describe things that happened in the past?
3. Cross out the sentence below that is incorrect.
If the ticket office was closed, I would travel without a ticket.
I might travel without a ticket if the ticket office was closed.
If the ticket office would be closed, I would travel without a ticket.
I would travel without a ticket if the ticket office were closed.
7 Complete these opinions with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
a. ‘I (1) would definitely hand in (definitely hand in) a wallet if I (2) found (find) it in the street. It (3) would be (be) awful to lose all your credit cards. And I hope if I (4) ever lost (ever lose) my wallet, someone (5) would hand (hand) it in.’
b. ‘I (6) would probably steal (probably steal) paper and things from my office if I (7) knew (know) other people (8) were doing (do) it too … but I (9) would be (be) terribly embarrassed if my boss (10) caught (catch) me!’
c. ‘I (11) would definitely tell (definitely tell) a shop assistant if he or she (12) didn’t charge me enough, I’m extremely honest!’
d. ‘I (13) would take (take) a day off work if I (14) was / were (be) really fed up or tired … everyone does it, don’t they? But I (15) would feel (feel) a bit guilty the next day.’
e. ‘I (16) would park (park) in a disabled parking space if there (17) was / were (be) a real emergence, I suppose, but I (18) wouldn’t do (not do) it otherwise, I think it’s totally unacceptable.’
8. Read the situations below and decide whether / when you would do these things.
Never say never
Under what circumstances, if any, would you …
1. Lie to someone close to you?
(I would lie to Uzing if I needed money.)
2. Walk out of your job, or drop out of college?
(I would walk out of my job if I wasn’t interested in.)
3. Give a lift in your car to a complete stranger?
(I would give a lift in my car to a complete stranger if she was beautiful.)
4. Walk out of a restaurant without paying the bill?
(I would walk out of a restaurant without paying the bill if I didn’t like the food.)
5. Lend a large sum of money to a friend?
(I would lend a large sum of money to a friend if he gave me back.)
6. Hit someone?
(I would hit Uzing if he hit me.)
7. Steal something from a shop?
(I would steal something from a shop if I wanted it.)
8. Go to live in abroad country?
(I would go to live in another country if I have got a visa.)
1. a) Do the following refer to real possibilities in the future or imaginary
situations? Make questions using the pronoun you.
1. If / can / live / anywhere in the world / where / live?
If you would live anywhere in the world, where would you live?
2. What / do / if / have some free time this weekend?
What will you do if you have some free time this weekend?
3. If / can / become / a famous person for a day / who / be?
Why / choose / that person?
If you became a famous person for a day, who would be?
Why would you choose that person?
4. If / go shopping / this week / what / buy?
5. If you go shopping this week, what would you buy?
6. How / your life / be different / if you / be a millionaire? What be / the best and the worst things about it?
How would your life be different if you were a millionaire? What would be the best and the worst things about it?
b)` Work in groups. Ask and answer the questions above.
‘I’d probably live in Paris.’
‘Perhaps I’ll phone some friends.’
2. Match a question / statement in A with a response in B.
A
a. I can’t decide what to wear.
b. Why’s the car making that strange noise?
c. Have you locked all the doors?
d. What a lovely shirt … what material is it?
e. Sorry, but I don’t think that’s a good idea.
f. There’s a hole in my T-shirt.
g. So what can I do to help?
B
1. Can you make a better suggestion then? (e)
2. Don’t put your finger in it! You’ll make it worse! (f)
3. If I make the dinner, will you tidy up a bit? (g)
4. I’m not sure. I think it’s made of cotton. (d)
5. It sounds okay to me. (b)
6. Well, hurry up and make up your mind! (a)
7. I think so … I’ll just make sure. (c)
3. Underline the phrases with make in exercise 2 and add them to the correct section of the diagram.
A B
make = to produce make + noun = ‘do something’
make a cup of coffee/ make an arrangement /
a sandwich an appointment / a decision /
made of plastic / leather a plan / a mess / a mistake
made in Japan
MAKE C
D with money
make + object + adjective make a profit / loss
make something clear / better
make someone angry / sad E
other phrases / expressions
Make something up
4. Wordspot (make)
1. What could you do if you suddenly feel hungry in the middle of the day? (4,1,8)
2. Shoes are usually more comfortable if they’re … (4,2,7)
3. If you drop your food all over the floor, you will … (4,1,4)
4. A lot of cars and electrical equipment are … (4, 2, 5)
5. You can use the ‘delete’ button on a computer or typewriter if you … (4,1,6)
6. When children are playing they usually … (4,1,5)
7. A successful businessman has to … (4,1,6)
8. Sometimes very sad films .. (4,3,3)
9. If your are studying some difficult grammar, your teacher tries to … (4,2,5)
10. If you want to go to the doctor’s or dentist’s, you usually need to … (4,2,11)
11. If a friend comes round to visit you, you might … (4,1,3,2,6)
12. If someone in the street shouted something rude at you, it would probably … (4,3,5)
£ 10,000,000
Useful language
a. Explaining advantages / disadvantages
If we give … to …
… will create a lot of / won’t create any jobs.
… will / won’t make the country wealthier / better educated.
… will / won’t be good for everybody.
… will / could be a waste of money.
The most important thing for the future of the country is …
b. Discussing / presenting your opinions.
We should definitely give some money to …
I don’t think … deserves any money.
I (don’t) agree.
Yes, but what about …?
We found it difficult to agree on …
5. What do you think the figures represent? Can you match the figures with the following?
1. The proportion of the world’s surface covered in water. (7%)
2. The lowest temperature ever recorded. (-89 ºC)
3. The average cost of a wedding in the UK. (£27,753)
4. The closest distance between Earth and the planet Mars. (55,680,000 km)
5. The estimated world population in 2005. (6.3 billion)
6. The speed of light. (3000,000 km)
7. The population of Japan. (126,000,000)
8. The area of the world’s largest shopping mall. (483,080 m2)
9. The percentage of British people who are over sixty-five. (7%)
10. The largest crowd ever for a sporting event. (199,859)
Student A
China United Arab Emirates
Area 9,236,410 km2 83,600 km2
Population 1.3 billion 2,400,000
Average number of visitors (per year) 23.7 million 1.8 m
Minimum / Maximum temperature -25ºC -33ºC 15ºC -40ºC
Ethnic groups 93% Han Chinese
7% other 50% Asia 42% Arab
8% other
Kilometres of road 1,5300,000 km
Number of full-time students 5.8 million
1. Making predictions
Cross out the word or phrase which cannot complete each sentence.
a. It will definitely / may / probably be sunny tomorrow.
b. We could / may / might not be able to get tickets.
c. They definitely won’t / may definitely / will definitely be here by eight o’clock.
d. The road is likely / may / won’t re-open this week.
e. There is definitely / is likely to / will probably be a big argument about this.
f. The President may be / may not / may well resign this week.
2. Hypothetical possibilities with if.
Match the halves of conditional sentences.
A B
a. I’d help you (e) 1. If I can.
b. I wouldn’t help you (c) 2. I’d tell you.
c. If I knew the answer, (a) 3. If I could.
d. If I find out the answer, (f) 4. If you don’t want me to.
e. I’ll help you, (b) 5. even if you asked me.
f. I won’t do anything (d) 6. I’ll tell you.
3. Real and hypothetical possibilities
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
could had might were will would
a. If I had enough money, I’d go on holiday.
b. He will call you after lunch, I promise!
c. If I were you, I wouldn’t trust him.
d. It would be great if I could speak fluently.
e. You might not enjoy that film; it’s really scary in places.
f. We could get a take-away pizza if you are too tired to cook.
4. Phrases with make
Cross out the phrases not used with make. Can you remember any other phrases with make?
an appointment a party a mess a risk
an arrangement a profit a mistake
5. Describing trends
Match the words and phrases in A with their opposite meanings in B.
A B
a. get worse (c) 1. decrease
b. improve (b) 2. deteriorate
c. increase (e) 3. fall
d. less (a) 4. get better
e. rise (f) 5. go down
f. go up (d) 6. More
6. Saying numbers
Write these numbers out in full.
a. 6,000 six thousand .
b. 6,000,000 sixty hundred thousand .
c. 6,000,000,000 six billion .
d. 6.6 six point six .
e. 6% six percent .
f. 66 km2 sixty six square kelo metre .
1. The photos show well-known stories. Which ones do you know? Match each photo with some of the categories below.
1. adventure stories 5. comedies
2. detective and crime stories 6. fairy tales
3. myths and legends 7. romances
4. science fiction and fantasy 8. ghost stories
2. What type of story might people say these things about? Which descriptions are positive and which are negative? Which could be either?
1. The plot’s very complicated. (negative) very simple
2. It’s completely unrealistic. (negative) very realistic
3. The story’s very slow. (negative) very fast moving
4. It has a happy ending. (positive) a sad ending
5. It made me cry. (N & P) made me laugh
6. The plot’s really clever. (positive) really stupid
7. It’s very moving. ( ) not very moving
8. It’s really scary. (N & P) not very scary
9. It’s very imaginative. ( ) not very imaginative
10. It’s got a moral. ( ) hasn’t go a moral
3. Work in groups. Read the lateral thinking story below and discuss what you think happened.
In the middle of some grass lay2 a carrot, a scarf and some coal.
No one had put1 them on the grass, but there was a perfectly good reason why they
Were there. Explain.
4. Analysis
1. a. in the sentences below, which verb is in the Past simple? Which verb is in the Past perfect?
In the middle of some grass lay a carrot, a scarf and some coal. No one had put them on the grass.
b. Which sentence shows which events happened first? How is this tense formed?
2. Cross out the wrong explanation for the Past perfect.
• It describes actions that happened a long time ago.
• We use it when we are talking about an event in the past and we want to explain something that happened before that.
5. Past perfect
had + past participle
Positive form Negative form Question form
I / you / he / she, etc.
‘d (=had) done it. I / you / he / she, etc.
hadn’t (had not) done it. Had I / you / he / she, etc.
done it?
The Past perfect links one time in the past to another time further in the past.
When we got there, everyone had left.
everyone left we got there future
<------------ x------------------------------- x -------------------│------------------------>
PAST Present
1. Similarities with the Present perfect.
The Present perfect is ‘the past of the present’.
It isn’t Jane’s first visit to Australia: She’s been here twice before.
← future
< ---------------●------------------------------------------------------│------------------->
Past perfect PAST present
The Past perfect is ‘the past of the past’.
It wasn’t my first visit to Australia: I’d been there twice before.
← future
< -------------------------------------●-----------------------------│---------------------->
PAST Past perfect present
2. Time words with the Past perfect
With the Past perfect, we use many of the same time words that we use with the Present perfect.
We had been in Cairo for two months / since August.
I’d already / just / recently passed my driving test.
It was the first / second / third time I’d met her.
The following words and phrases are also often used with the Past perfect.
a. by / by the time
By 5.30, everyone had left. (=they left before this time)
By the time we arrived, the film had finished.
b. when / after / before / as soon as
With these words, we use the Past perfect for the first action to happen.
When I got up, the others had already left.
We did the washing-up as soon as our guests had left.
I have had my car for 10 years / since 1989.
have a car
10 years
│----------------------│-----------------------│----------------------------->
1989 now 1999
I had had my car for 10 years before I crashed it.
have my car
10 years
│---------------------│¬¬¬¬-----------------------│------------------------------│---------------------->
1999 now 2009
3. Cases where the Past perfect is optional.
We do not usually use the Past perfect when the sequence of events in the past is clear.
I had a shower and went to bed.
If we use when with the Past perfect, it means that the first action was finished when the second action happened.
The game had already started when we arrived.
With two Past simple verbs, the two actions happened at more or less the same time.
The game started when we arrived.
6. Match the beginnings of the sentences in A with the endings in B using so or because. Then write out the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Example:
She spoke French well because she had lived in Paris as a child.
I had left my umbrella at home so I got really wet.
A
1. She (speak) French well
2. I (leave) my umbrella at home
3. My uncle (not want) to move (didn’t want + because he has lived in…)
4. There (be) no food in the house (was + because I had forgotten to go …)
5. My grandparents (never fly) before (had never flown + so they had been nervous when…)
6. When I (get) home my father was angry (got + because I hadn’t phone him.)
7. They (already sell) all the tickets (had already sold + so we didn’t get into …)
8. We (not have to) queue in the restaurant (didn’t have to + because my uncle has reserved…)
B
a. we (not get) into the concert. (7)
b. they (be) nervous when they got on the plane. (5)
c. I (not) phone him. (6)
d. I (forget) to go to the supermarket. (4)
e. my uncle (reserve) a table. (8)
f. she (live) in Paris as a child. (1)
g. he (live) in the same house for forty years. (3)
h. I (got) really wet. (2)
Work in pairs.
Student B: Look at puzzle B below and the solution to puzzle A.
B
A man went to a party and drank some punch. Then he left early. Everyone else who drank the punch later died of poisoning. Why didn’t the man die?
A
There was a phone box close to the sea. Inside the phone box a man was lying dead on the floor. The receiver was hanging off the phone, and the windows were broken on either side of the phone box. What had happened?
Solution to A
The man had been out fishing and had caught an unusually large fish. He was so excited that he’d phoned his wife to tell her about it. Unfortunately, as he was describing the fish, he stretched out his arms to demonstrate how large the fish was, and had smashed through the glass on either side of the phone box, and had tragically bled to death as a result.
1. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
• Do you ever read crime stories in the newspapers or watch TV grogrammes about real life crimes?
• Which crimes have been in the news recently?
• Have there been any famous robberies in your country in the last few years? What happened?
2. When a crime takes place, in what order would these things normally happen?
The police suspects someone. 2
He is arrested. 4
He appears in court. 7
He pleads innocent or guilty. 9
He is sentenced. 8
A serious crime is attempted. 1
The suspect is charged. 6
He is questioned by the police. 5
He is found guilty. 10
The suspect is followed. 3
3. What is the difference between fraud, mugging, robbery and theft?
The perfect crime
Theft (C)
1 A daring criminal has finally been arrested in Malaga, Spain, two years after
attempting to steal over three million euros. Spanish police yesterday told the story of how the forty-year-old man, Martin Dempsey from Manchester, was caught.
Two years ago, professional thief Dempsey discovered that the cash going to be sent to Spain on a special flight, in the luggage hold. So Dempsey packed himself into a cargo crate, and got himself booked onto the same flight as the money. Once the plane took off, he cut his way out of the crate with a pocket knife, found the money successfully, and packed himself and money back into the crate. The plane landed safely, and everything seemed to be going perfectly to plan, when unfortunately …
……………….********………………
Mugging and fraud (A)
2 Guildford Crown Court yesterday heard how mugger Toby Williams, twenty-four,
unemployed, had snatched the handbag of Barbara Walsh a sixty-five-year-old retired teacher, in Crowndale Road last June. Inside Williams had found not only cash, but also a cheque for five thousand pounds, made out to Mrs Walsh.
Williams who had pleaded guilty to charges of theft and fraud, told the court how he had
Discovered that he had all the correct identity documents to cash the cheque, the only
Problem being that he was not a sixty-five-year-old woman.
However, the ingenious Williams did not give up. Using the photograph on Mrs Walsh’s
Driving license as a guide, he dressed himself up as an elderly woman, and went to present
The cheque at a local bank.
At first, all went according to plan: the bank clerk did not seem to suspect anything wrong.
That was, not until she looked at the cheque …
………………….*********…………………
Robbery (B)
3 If it had been successful it would have been the world’s biggest robbery. Several
Years ago, a team of over 200 police officers foiled an attempt by a gang of professional thieves to steal diamonds worth around $350 million from the Millennium Dome in Greenwich, London. The plan was remarkably simple. The thieves crashed a JCB digger into the side of the Dome near where the ‘Millennium Star’ and twelve other priceless diamonds were displayed. They then threw smoke bombs and smashed holes in the security glass protecting the diamonds. They planned to escape with the diamonds in a speedboat waiting outside the Dome on the River Thames. But what they did not realize was that …
………………….**********…………………
…Well almost!
A …for by an amazing coincidence, the bank clerk was Alexandra Walsh, Mrs Walsh’s thirty-two-year-old daughter. She recognized her mother’s cheque immediately and Williams was soon under arrest. Williams who has been found guilty, will be sentenced today.
B ….the police had been watching them for weeks. The gang had already attempted a couple of unsuccessful robberies, and all of the members were being followed. They had noticed how often they visited the diamonds at the Dome and had worked out what they were planning. On the morning of the attempted robbery, the Dome was actually full of police officers who were dressed as cleaners, with their guns hidden in bin liners.
However, as it happened, the whole gang were arrested without a shot being fired. But even if they hadn’t been stopped, the gang would have been sadly disappointed – the diamonds had been replaced with replicas: the real ones where safe in the bank!
C …the baggage handlers who were unloading the plane dropped Dempsey’s crate and he fell out. Dempsey grabbed as mush money as he could, yelled ‘Don’t worry about me, I’m fine’ to the astonished baggage handlers and disappeared across the runway before anyone could catch him.
And he would have remained free, if he hadn’t been arrested two years later for drink-driving in the Costa Del Sol where he was now living. His DNA was found to match DNA from the airline crate, and Dempsey has at last been charged with robbery.
D …one member of the gang was in fact a police officer who had been keeping his colleagues in touch with developments via his mobile phone. The moment the gang entered the building and started loading the gold into sacks, a group of armed police officers leapt out from their hiding places and began arresting the horrified robbers. Desperate to escape, some the gang abandoned the gold and ran into the street outside only to find they were completely surrounded.
4. Find words in the stories that mean the following.
1. Took something quickly and perhaps violently. (two words: text 2 and text C) snatch / grab
2. Clever; good at thinking of new ideas (text 2) ingenious
3. Stopped something bad that someone is planning (text 3) foil
4. Extremely valuable (text 3) priceless
5. Broke violently (text 3) smash
6. Shouted (text 3 & C) yell
7. Very surprised (text C) astonished
8. Jumped (text D) leapt
9. Shocked and upset (text D) horrified
10. Needing or wanting something very much (text D) desperate
(To make the story more exciting.)
5. Part one
Michael and Harry Findlater were brothers, separated tragically when they were children. Michael had spent almost thirty years looking for Harry, who was sixteen years older than him. He only remembered one thing about his brother – he had an owl tattooed on the back of his hand. One morning, Michael arrived at work to find that his secretary had phoned in sick. In order to check his appointments for the day, he looked at his secretary’s diary. The first item was a seven-figure number with the name ‘Bell’ written next to it and URGENT written in red ink. He dialed the number and a woman’s voice answered.
You are going to read a true story. Read Part one and answer the following questions.
a. What had happened to Michael and Harry Findlater when they were young? (separated)
b. What could Michael remember about his brother? (had owl tattoo)
c. Why did Michael look in his secretary’s diary on that day? What did he find?
(his secretary had phoned in sick.)
6. Part two
On the phone …
5 The woman said that it was.
2 The woman said that she was sorry, but she had only just started working there,
and she didn’t know who Bell was.
7 She told him that he had a tattoo of an awl on his band.
1 Michael asked if he could speak to Mr Bell.
3 She asked him to ring back later when her boss, Mr Findlater, was there.
6 Becoming excited now, Michael asked her whether she had noticed a tattoo on
the back of Mr Findlater’s hand.
4 Michael said he would ring back later, and asked her if Mr Findlater’s name was
Harry.
The following day…
10 Thanks to this amazing coincidence, Michael had found his brother at last.
9 The secretary told him it wasn’t a phone number, it was a bank account number
for Mr Bell, one of their customers.
8 When Michael’s secretary came back to work, he asked her who had given her
His brother’s number.
7. Analysis
1. Tenses in reported speech
The dialogue in Part two is in reported speech.
a. Underline the verbs in each one. What differences are there in the tenses used?
b. Complete the table with examples from Part two.
Direct speech Reported speech
Present Simple
I don’t know who Mr Bell is. Past simple
She said she didn’t know who Mr Bell was.
Present perfect (Past Perfect)
Past simple (Past Perfect)
2. Reported questions.
a. Find five reported questions in Part two of the story. Which verb introduces them? (ASK)
b. What is the difference in the word order of reported and direct questions? (CHANGING)
c. In what type of questions do we use if and whether?
(YES OR NO)
8. Reported speech and reported questions.
1. Change of tenses
When were report someone’s words afterwards, the verb forms often move into the past.
This is because what they said is now in the past.
Direct Speech (actual words)
Years ago, John said… Reported (Indirect speech)
A few years ago, John told me that …
‘I want to get away from here’
Present simple He wanted to get away from there.
Past simple
‘I had an awful time last year’
Past simple He had had an awful time the previous year.
Past perfect
‘I’ve found a new job in Canada’
Present perfect He had found a new job in Canada.
Past perfect
‘I’m leaving tomorrow’
Present continuous He was leaving the next day.
Past continuous
‘I’m going to start a new life.’
Is / Are going to He was going to start a new life.
Was / wouldn’t
‘I’ll write to you when I get there.’
Will / won’t He would write to me when he got there.
would / wouldn’t
‘You can come and see me.’
Can / can’t I could come and see him.
could / couldn’t
Notice:
a. The changes in place and time references in the reported statements.
here → there
last year → the year before
b. that other modal verbs (would, could, should, ought, might) do not change in reported speech.
c. the changes in pronouns used in reported speech.
I → he
2. Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting.
a. In statements, say and tell are the most common reporting verbs. Look at how they are used.
He said it was true. Not: He told it was true.
He said it was true. Not: He said me it was true.
He said to me (that) it was true. Not: He told to me (that) it was true.
These verbs can be followed by that, but it is not necessary.
b. In questions, ask and want to know are common reporting verbs.
In yes / no questions the verb is joined to the reported words with if or whether.
│ if │
She asked / wanted to know │ whether │ it was true (or not).
In Wh- questions, we do not need if or whether.
‘What do you think?’
He asked me what I thought.
3. Word order in reported questions
The word order in reported questions is the same as in normal statements.
‘Can you come early?’ → She asked if I could come early.
‘Did you see anything suspicious?’ → The police officer wanted to know if
we had seen anything suspicious.
1. Wordspot
Say and tell
Complete the sentences with say and tell. Then listen and check.
a. Do you know how to say thank you, hello or goodbye in any other language apart from English?
b. Do you have an elder brother or sister? Did he or she tell you what to do as a child?
c. Do you often tell jokes? Can you tell a joke in English?
d. If your friend asked you if you liked her new hairstyle – and you thought it looked awful – would you tell her the truth?
e. If you were in a minor car accident which you knew was your fault, would you say sorry to the other driver?
f. Can you tell me something about your last holiday?
g. Do you think it’s always wrong to tell lies? When is it acceptable?
h. Why do teachers sometimes have to tell children off at school?
i. In your family, do you usually say a prayer before meals?
j. Can you tell the difference between British and American English?
k. If an attractive stranger asked you to dance, would you say yes or no?
2. Match the sentences in A with a sentence in B.
A
a. The audience were completely silent.
b. Mrs Brown was over eighty when she died.
c. The police searched the area for several days.
d. I realized I’d left my purse at home.
e. As the woman came round the corner, she was knocked off her bicycle by a passing car.
f. Robert really loves French food and culture.
g. Hannah found out today that she didn’t get that job she applied for.
h. Marianne and Laura were great friends at university.
B
1. Unfortunately, she never saw her only grandchild, who was born in Australia. (b)
2. Surprisingly, though he’s never visited France. (f)
3. However, the gradually lost touch over the years. (h)
4. I immediately ran over to see if she was all right. (e)
5. Suddenly, a mobile phone rang and everyone turned and stared. (a)
6. Fortunately, I had my credit card in my pocket. (d)
7. Obviously, she was very disappointed. (g)
8. Eventually, they found the piece of evidence they were looking for. (c)
3. Complete the sentences in a logical way using both adverbs.
a. My aunt fell down the stairs the other day.
Fortunately … (she didn’t get injured.)
Obviously … (she is OK right now.)
b. My dad’s been on a strict diet for nearly a month.
Unfortunately …
Surprisingly …
c. I first met my wife at a party five years ago.
Immediately …
Surprisingly …
d. When I first came to live here I didn’t know anybody.
Gradually …
Eventually …
e. I spent an hour looking for the missing keys.
Eventually …
Suddenly …
f. The room was in complete darkness.
Eventually …
Suddenly …
4. Writing
Narrative
Here are some time phrases we use to tell stories. Divide them into the following categories.
Then one day, many years ago in the end
Once there was a man eventually a few days later
At last a few weeks passed later that day
The following night … finally after a while
Probably from the beginning of the story
Probably from the middle of the story
Probably from the end of the story
Back from the dead!
Three years ago a small passenger plane crashed
in the middle of the Borneo jungle with twenty-seven
people on board. Rescue teams arrived at the scene of
the crash three days later. They searched the area, but
found no survivors. PLANE CRASH
Two days ago, however, two people walked into a
remote tribal village on the edge of the jungle and said
that they were survivors of the plane crash. They told
the astonished tribespeople that they had been living in
the jungle by themselves since the day of the crash. We
have sent two of our reporters to Borneo to interview
these amazing people. Look out for an exclusive interview
in next week’s Daily Planet!
Reporter’s role card
You are going to interview the survivors of the plane crash. With your partners, write down some of the questions you are going to ask. Try to write at least twelve questions.
Make sure you include questions to find out the following information:
• personal details
• how they know the other survivor(s)
• the crash and how they survived
• life in the jungle (food, shelter, etc.)
• the dangers they faced
• their health (now and in the past)
• the tribal village and its people
• plans for the future
• how they feel about flying
• how they are getting home
Test Module 10
Past perfect
In each sentence there are two verbs underlined. Circle the one which should be in the Past Perfect and correct it.
a. By seven o’clock, the place was completely empty – everyone went (had gone) home.
b. It was the first time I ever spent (had spent) the night away from home.
c. I did (had done) a lot of work on my assignment, so I was disappointed with the low mark.
d. I knew (had known) Mark my sight a long time before I actually spoke to him.
e. As soon as our guests left, we went (had gone) to sleep.
f. He threatened (had treated) to leave his job many times before he actually did it.
Look at the sentences which four are incorrect?
a. He told that he was coming to the party. (x)
b. He said he was coming to the party.
c. He told me that he was coming to the party.
d. He said me he was coming to the party. (x)
e. He said to me that he was coming to the party.
f. He told to me he was coming to the party. (x)
g. He told that he was coming to the party. (x)
h. He said that he was coming to the party.
Put the words into the correct order to make reported questions.
a. The / was / me / teacher / why / late / asked / I
The teacher asked me why I was late.
b. He / us / home / were / if / we / asked / going
He asked us if we were going home.
c. They / her / was / asked / going / where / she
They asked her where she was going.
d. My brother / where / know / was / wanted / I / to
I wanted to know where my brother was.
e. I / him / how / didn’t / was / he / ask
I didn’t ask him how he was.
Match the adverbs in A with the conclusion in B
A B
a. Fortunately (c) 1. Something bad happened
b. Surprisingly (a) 2. Something good happened
c. Unfortunately (f) 3. Something happened in the end
d. Gradually (d) 4. Something happened little by little
e. Immediately (e) 5. Something happened straight away
f. Eventually (b) 6. Something unexpected happened
Which of these do you say and which do you tell?
a. A lie (tell)
b. Yes (say)
c. The truth (tell)
d. Someone of (tell)
e. A joke (tell)
f. Sorry (say)
g. Thank you (say)
h. Someone what to do (tell)
1. What rules would you expect to find in the following places? Make a list of one or two rules for each place.
airports bars and pubs beaches hospitals libraries
roads museums nightclubs packs planes
public swimming pools train stations
2. Which signs do the following relate to? Cross out the sentence(s) that are not true about each sign.
a. You can use your credit card here. (picture 1)
You must use your credit card here. (x)
You’ve got to use your credit card here. (x)
b. You mustn’t smoke in the smoking area. (x) (pic 5)
You’re allowed to smoke in the smoking area.
You can smoke in the smoking area if you want.
c. You mustn’t leave your mobile on. (pic 3)
You can’t use your mobile.
You shouldn’t leave your mobile on. (x)
d. Dogs are allowed. (x) (pic 2)
Dogs are not allowed.
e. You have to be careful of the wet paint. (pic 4)
You don’t have to be careful of the wet paint. (x)
You ought to be careful of the wet paint. (x)
3. Analysis
Put the underlined verbs from exercise 2 in the correct category.
1. It is necessary have (got) to,
2. It is not necessary (
3. It is OK / permitted can. (are allowed/ can, mustn’t
4. It is not OK / permitted can (can, can’t, mustn’t
5. It is a good idea / the correct thing
6. It is not a good idea / not the correct thing
4 Obligation and permission
Positive forms {can }
You {must } go
{should }
{‘re allowed}
{have }
You {have got } to go
{ought }
Negative forms {can }
{mustn’t }
{shouldn’t }
You {‘re not allowed to } go
{don’t have to }
{haven’t got to }
Question forms
Can }
Should } I go?
Am I allowed }
Do I have } to go?
Have I got }
1. Talking about what is necessary / not necessary
a. We use must, have to and have got to + verb to talk about something that is necessary or important.
We must be at the airport by seven.
He has to take medicine every day for his asthma.
I’ve got to find a telephone – it’s urgent.
The meaning is very similar, but:
• Must often shows that the obligation comes from the person speaking.
We must be more careful. (= I, the speaker, say it’s important)
• have to and have got to show that the obligation comes from another person, not the speaker.
All young men in this country have to do military service. (= the government says)
Jake’s got to do his exams. (his teacher says)
There are differences of formality. Must is often written down, for example on public
notices.
All visitors must report to reception.
Have to and have got to are more common in speech.
Must is rarely used in question forms – Do I have to? Is more common.
Must I / Do I have to sign here?
b. We use don’t have to and haven’t got to + verb to talk about something that is not necessary.
People don’t have to vote if they don’t want to.
We haven’t got to be there till ten.
2. Talking about what is permitted / not permitted
a. We use can and be allowed to + verb to talk about things we are permitted to do.
You can park here after 6.30 p.m.
My brother’s allowed to borrow my father’s car.
b. We use mustn’t, not allowed to and can’t + verb to talk about things which we are not permitted to do. (=prohibited)
Members of the audience must not take photographs during the performance. (= written notice)
You’re not allowed to / can’t take photos during the performance. (=spoken)
c. Can’t has the idea that it is not possible or permitted to do something.
You can’t take photographs here.
3. Talking about what is / isn’t a good idea / the correct thing.
a. We use should to say something is a good idea, or if it is correct / right.
You should try this ice cream – it’s delicious.
Those books are in the wrong place: they should be in the fiction section.
Should is weaker than have to or must. It is often used to give advice or make suggestions.
b. Ought to has the same meaning as should. It is not usually used in the question or negative forms, where should is more common.
You ought to be more careful.
4. Past forms
Present form Past form
I must / have to / ‘ve got to go home. I had to go home.
I don’t have to go home. I didn’t have to go home.
They can / can’t vote. They could / couldn’t vote.
We’re allowed to / not allowed to / mustn’t speak. We were / weren’t allowed to speak.
5. Find the signs that following sentences refer to. Then complete the gaps with the positive or negative form of the verbs in the brackets.
1. The public are not allowed (allowed) to come in here. ( picture - a)
2. Cyclists are allowed (allowed) to use this path. (g)
3. You don’t have to (have to) cycle on this path, you can (can) walk if you want. (e)
4. You mustn’t (must) wear jeans or T-shirt. (e)
5. You should (should) dress smartly, but you don’t have to (have to) wear a suit and a tie. (e)
6. You shouldn’t (should) swim here – it’s dangerous. (c)
7. You can’t (can) park your car here. (f)
8. You ought to (should) have your boarding card ready for inspection. (b)
9. You shouldn’t (should) dive into the swimming pool. (d)
10. You have to (have to) show your passport. (b)
6. Complete the gaps with a suitable verb from exercise 5 to make them true for your city / country.
In city centres…
a. You can’t park in the city centre.
b. Lorries can’t drive through the centre.
c. You have to pay to drive your car into the city centre. (toll road)
d. Cars have to stop at pedestrian crossing.
On the roads…
a. You don’t have to wear a seat belt.
b. You have to pay to use the motorways.
c. You can’t drive at 180 km/hr.
d. You can’t take your driving test if you’re seventeen years old.
On the trains…
a. You can buy your ticket in advance.
b. You can’t buy your ticket on the train.
c. You must pay a fine if you’re caught without a ticket.
d. You can smoke.
7. Match the two halves to make a phrase from the recording. Then listen again.
1. One rule I 6) Social rule
2. Totally 4) Annoy me is …
3. I find 8) Really annoying is …
4. A rule that does 7) in a hotel is …
5. One rule that really 3) this really annoying …
6. An unwritten 4) Annoying me is …
7. What really annoys me 1) find really annoying is …
8. One thing I find 2) unnecessary
8. Obligation and permission in the past
There have been some strange laws in the past. Match the examples below with the picture.
a. In the times o Peter the Great in Russia, noblemen weren’t allowed to wear beards. If they wanted to keep their beards, they had to pay a special tax to the Tsar’s government.
b. In eighteenth-century England, people had to pay ‘window tax’ for each window in their house. However, this law was eventually changed because many poor people chose to live in houses without windows just so that they didn’t have to pay!
c. In the nineteenth century, female teachers in the USA couldn’t get married, or even go out with men. If they got engaged, they had to resign from their job immediately. Male teachers, on the other hand, could get married and have children without any problem!
d. If you travelled in any motor vehicle in nineteenth-century Britain, the law said that someone had to walk in front of you waving a red flag, or a red lamp at night time. This meant, in practice, that you couldn’t travel at more than eight kilometers per hour!
e. In the Midwest of the USA in the 1880s you were not allowed to eat ice-cream soda on Sunday. Restaurant owners solved this problem by serving ice-cream without soda, which became known as a ‘Sunday’ or a ‘Sundae’.
9. Analysis
Write the past forms of the following verbs, where possible. Which three verbs do not have past forms. Which form is used instead?
• can (could)
• can’t (couldn’t)
• have to (had to)
• don’t have to (didn’t have to)
• must had to
• mustn’t couldn’t, wasn’t/ weren’t allowed to
• have got to had to
• is/ are allowed to (was/ were allowed to)
• isn’t/ aren’t allowed to(wasn’t/ weren’t allowed to)
10. Here are some more unusual laws from around the world. complete the gaps with the past form of a verb from the analysis. (In some cases there is more than one possibility.) Then listen and check.
a. In the 1920s in the USA, ‘prohibition’ meant that you weren’t allowed to produce or consume alcoholic drinks. Eventually, though, the government had to
Change this law. Firstly because it was actually creating crime, and secondly because people were drinking more alcohol than ever before!
b. During the French revolution, you weren’t allowed to / couldn’t use the polite form of ‘you’ (vous) because this was the word servants used to speak to their masters. Instead everyone had to use tu – the familiar form.
c. In Italy in the 1930s, Italians weren’t allowed to/ couldn’t use foreign words. That’s why Italian is one of the few languages that doesn’t use the word ‘football’!
d. In Switzerland, women weren’t allowed to/ couldn’t vote until 1971. In New Zealand, on the other hand, women were allowed to vote from 1893 – making it the first country in the world to give women the vote.
e. Seventy-five years ago, in Britain, anyone was allowed to/ could drive a car the open road without taking a driving test. People didn’t have to take a test until 1935, when the first practical road test was introduced. From 1996, the test was changed and learners had to take a theoretical test as well.
11. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
• Were your parents strict whey you were a child? What rules did they have to about the following?
- Clothes, jewellery and hairstyles
- Homework
- Household chores
- Staying out late
What happened if you broke the rules?
• Did you have friends whose parents were stricter/ more liberal than you own? In what ways did their rules differ?
1. (A) Which words and phrases relate to having more rights and freedom, and which relate to having to stricter laws and fewer rights?
It should be against the law (to) (strict the law)
It should be made legal (for people to …) ( the right)
It should be made illegal (for people to …) (strict the law)
It should be banned. (strict the law)
People should have the right to do this. (the right)
People shouldn’t have the right to do this. (strict the law)
People should be fined / sent to prison (for doing this) (strict the law)
There should be capital punishment. ( strict the law)
(B) Are the sentences to describe laws in the box positive(+) or negative(-)?
It’s fair. (+) It’s too ridiculous. (-)
It’s too harsh. (-) It’s sensible. (+)
It’s too liberal. (+) It’s unfair. (-)
2. Read the controversial statements 1 – 14. Which of these ideas are already the law in your country?
Controversial statements…
1. All forms of hunting for sport (including fishing) should be banned. (x)
2. It should be made illegal for parents to smack their children. (x)
3. Terminally ill people who wish to die should have the right to do so. (x)
4. People should not be allowed to work for more than thirty-five hours a week. (√)
5. Everyone should have the right to carry a gun if they wish to. (x)
Controversy…
6. Young people should have the right to get married at sixteen without their parents permission. (x)
7. Smoking should be banned in all public places. (√)
8. There should be capital punishment for anyone who commits murder. (√)
9. Anyone who steals should be sent to prison, no matter how small the thing is that they steal. (x)
10. It should be against the law to kill animals for food. (x)
Controversy…
11. Everyone should have the right to a free university education. (√)
12. Military service should be compulsory for all young men and women. (x)
13. Parents should have the right to choose the sex of their unborn child if they wish. (x)
14. People who smoke should not have the right to be free medical care from the state. (x)
3. Useful language
a. Expressing your opinions
Personally, I think / don’t think …
It seems to me that …
I think it’s wrong to …
Everyone should be free to …
I don’t really have any strong opinions about this …
b. Agreeing and disagreeing
I completely agree.
Yes, you’re right.
I agree in some ways but …
I think it depends (on the situation / person)
I don’t really agree.
I’m afraid I don’t agree at all.
c. Presenting the views of your groups
The topic we discussed most was …
We all had different opinions about …
4. Read the text and complete the table with information about each case.
Information about
the person /
people suing Name / Type of
Organization
Sued Amount of money
They received Reasons for suing
Roslyn Darch
furniture store
$780,000
Tripped over a child
And broke her ankle
hundreds of smokers
Tobacco
Companies
millions of dollars
for terminal illnesses
Overweight New
York teenagers
Fast-food company
___ ___ _____ ___
they had not had enough warning that a diet of burgers, fries and milkshakes would make them fat.
the parents of one nineteen-year-old English schoolgirl
school
£42,000
failed to get a top grade in university entrance exam.
Sandra York
Restaurant in
Philadelphia
$113,000
slipping on a spilt soft drink.
TO SUE or not to sue?
The rise and rise of the compensation culture.
Imagine on your way out of class today you trip on a loose piece of carpet and twist your ankle. As a result of the injury, you lose your place in the local sports team, and have to miss an important job interview. Bad luck? Just one of those things? Or an opportunity to get rich quick?
Perhaps it’s not surprising that Roslyn Darch of Houston, Texas, USA felt annoyed when she tripped over a toddler running around a furniture store, and broke her ankle. But a few months later, she was $780,000 richer after successful suing the shop. The owners were clearly surprised at the size of Roslyn’s payout. Particularly since the toddler she tripped over was her own son.
Some argue that this is just agreed – that the amount of money is far too much for the injury suffered – and it’s not the shop’s fault a mother can’t control her child anyway. Others would say that it’s good to see the law taking the side of the individual against the big corporations for a change. Take the example of the hundreds of smokers who have received millions of dollars from the tobacco companies, after saying they were responsible for the terminal illnesses they had developed because of smoking. Whatever you think, the compensation culture which was grown up in the USA is spreading, and it will affect all of us.
And it’s not only claims for physical injuries that are keeping the lawyers busy. A group of overweight New York teenagers sued a giant fast-food company claiming that they had not had enough warning that a diet of burgers, fries and milkshakes would make them fat. The parents of one nineteen-year-old English schoolgirl successfully sued her school for £42,000 compensation when she failed to get a top grade in a university entrance exam: and in perhaps the most bizarre case of all, Sandra York received $113,000 from Philadelphia restaurant after slipping on a spilt soft drink. However, the drink was on the floor because York had thrown it over her boyfriend thirty seconds earlier, during an argument.
If you think that going on holiday is a good way to get away from all this trouble, think again – millions of people complain to the British Tourist Authority every year, and many receive some form of compensation. Staff at British travel company Thomson Holidays are used to dealing with requests for compensation following poor weather, cancelled flights and lost luggage, but one spokesman revealed ‘We recently had a claim from someone who said their holiday was ruined because they didn’t get on with their travelling companion. And we regularly get complaints from holidaymakers travelling abroad who say the locals don’t speak English!’
5. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
• Which of the people sued do you think most deserved the money?
• Who do you think shouldn’t have received anything?
• Do you think the compensation culture is something to worry about, or might it be a good thing?
6. The words in the box are used to join sentences and link ideas. Put them in the correct category below. Then look at the Language summary and check.
Also although besides despite this for that reason
However as a result therefore what’s more
Similar meaning to and (also, besides, what’s more)
Similar meaning to but (although, despite this, however)
Similar meaning to so (for that reason, as a result, therefore)
7. Language summary
Linking words (although, however, etc.)
1. Meaning
a. Words with a similar meaning to and
My cousin’s a professional footballer. He’s also an excellent tennis player.
I haven’t got time to go on holiday. Besides, I can’t afford it.
Yoga is excellent exercise: what’s more, it really helps you to relax.
b. Words with a similar meaning to but
Although she’s much younger than me, we get on very well.
The economy seems to be improving. Despite this, unemployment is still high.
Her father was very angry with her. However, he didn’t say anything.
Other such phrases include though, even though and in spite of (this).
c. Words with a similar meaning to so
More and more people are moving to the city. As a result, housing is terribly expensive.
At least you haven’t lied to me. For this reason, I’m not going to punish you.
He received just five percent of the votes, and therefore he has been eliminated.
Other such words and phrases include that’s why and consequently.
2. Word order
a. Although is a conjunction – it joins two clauses (smaller sentences). There are two possible positions.
Although I don’t like him, I respect his opinion.
I respect his opinion, although I don’t like him.
Though and even though can be used in the same way.
b. All the other words and phrases are adverbials. There are three possible positions for them in the sentence or sentences.
1. At the beginning of the second sentence.
She loved him very much. However, he knew they could never marry.
2. In the middle of the second sentence.
She loved him very much, he knew, however, they could never marry.
Also, despite this, what is more and therefore can be used in this position.
3. At the end of the second sentence (although many people consider this rather formal / old-fashioned).
She loved him very much. He knew they could never marry, however.
Therefore can be used in this position.
REMEMBER!
Also comes before the main verb and after verb be and auxiliary verbs.
Adam is a very keen golfer. He also likes tennis.
Adam is a very keen golfer. He is also very keen on tennis.
8. The following sentences can be continued in two possible ways. Complete the gaps using a suitable word/phrase from the box in exercise 6 to link the two ideas. Add or change the punctuation as necessary.
a. Everyone knows that smoking is bad for you.
• What’s more it can be very expensive.
• Despite this many young people start every year.
b. Regular exercise can prevent heart disease.
• For that reason experts recommend exercising three times a week.
• As a result it can help to control your weight.
c. Many people nowadays believe that it is wrong to kill animals for food.
• What’s more they think eating meat is unhealthy.
• As a result more and more people are becoming vegetarians.
d. Doctors agree that there is a strong link between alcohol and health.
• However a small amount of alcohol may actually be good for you.
• Although it can make you depressed.
e. Doctors have found cures for many serious diseases in the last 100 years.
• Therefore the average person is living longer.
• However there is still no cure for the common cold.
The toughest decision of their lives
In October 2002, Debra and Andrew Veal, a married couple from south-west London, entered the Ward Evans Atlantic Rowing Challenge. They would race thirty-four other crews rowing 5,000 km from Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, to Barbados in the Carbbean – a journey expected to take sixty days. To do this, each team of two people rows twenty-four hours a day, in shifts of two hours.
1. Read what some people said about Andrew and Debra Veal. Which statement do you agree with?
a. ‘Andrew shouldn’t have left his wife alone. Either he should have persuaded her to come back with him, or he should have stayed with her. She could easily have died, and he would have been responsible.’
b. ‘Since Debra was determined to continue, Andrew couldn’t’ really have done anything differently. It would have been wrong to force Debra to give up, too.’ √
c. ‘Debra should have gone home with Andrew. It would have been much more sensible, and more supportive of her. What she did was pretty stupid.’
2. Analysis
Circle the correct alternative and tick the best explanation a – c.
1. She could have died out there.
This sentence refers to the past / present. It means:
a. She died.
b. She didn’t die.
c. It was possible for her to die, but she didn’t.
2. He shouldn’t have left her.
This sentence refers to the past / present. The speaker thinks:
1. He had to stay with her.
2. It was a good idea to stay with her, but he didn’t.
3. He probably stayed with her.
3 He would have been responsible.
This sentence refers to something that really happened / an imaginary situation.
This sentence refers to the past / present.
3 Past modal verbs (could have / should have / would have)
1. could have + past participle
This is used for events which were possible in the past, but didn’t happen.
He could’ve drowned. (= it was possible for him to drown, but he didn’t)
Compare the following sentences.
Ruby could walk before she was a year old. (= she was able to do this)
Ruby could have walked to work, but she took a taxi instead. (= it was possible for her to walk, but she didn’t)
2. should have / shouldn’t have + past participle
This means it was a good idea to do something in the past, but you didn’t do it.
We often use this to criticize other people, or to talk about past regrets.
You shouldn’t have been so rude. (= criticism: you were rude, and it wasn’t a good idea)
I should’ve looked in the mirror before I went out. (= past regrets: it was a good idea to look, but I didn’t)
3. would / wouldn’t have + past participle
We use this for imagining something in the past that didn’t happen.
In his position, I would have waited for help. (= I wasn’t in his position – I am imagining the situation)
4. The sentences below give extra facts and opinions about the story of Andrew and Debra Veal. Complete them with could have, should(n’t) have or would(n’t) have.
1. Debra should have learned (enter) to row much earlier – she was taking a huge risk.
2. I’m sure he wouldn’t have entered (enter) the race if he’d known about the phobia.
3. They shouldn’t have entered (enter) the race – it was far too risky!
4. Why did she decide to continue with the race? She could have died (die) out there!
5. The boat wouldn’t have survived (survive) a collision with a tanker.
6. She shouldn’t have taken (take) food from the people on the yacht – that’s cheating!
7. Without her husband’s support, I’m sure she would have found (found) things impossible.
8. I know I’m not as brave as Debra! I’m sure that in her position, I would have given
(give) up!
9. A shark should have attacked (attack) the boat – fortunately it didn’t happen!
10. The organizers should have given (give) her a special prize for bravery.
5. Read about Olivia and her husband’s dilemma. What was the problem? How did Olivia deal with it?
Olivia and her husband were asleep in bed one night when they heard someone downstairs burgling their house. Olivia’s husband went down, and after listening to their conversation for a few minutes, Olivia realized that the burglar had a gun. There was a phone by Olivia’s bedside, but Olivia decided to go downstairs herself, and managed to hit the burglar over the head with a vase. He was later arrested.
6. Read about Luke Rhinehart and his novel the Dice Man. Answer the questions.
a. How does the main character in the Dice Man make decisions?
b. What about the author of the book? Give an example of an important decision he made in this way.
c. Why did he first start doing this? (a person who always made very ‘safe’ and ‘boring’ decision.)
d. What job did he do before he was an author?
e. What made him decide to write a book about throwing dice (‘dicing’)?
f. Who encouraged him to finish his book? (Mike Franklyn)
g. Why did Rhinehart say goodbye to his wife? (they thought they would have died)
h. Who rescued them the sea? (Scottish sailors)
The Dice Man is a novel about a man who throws dice to decide his every action – and it’s based on fact. The author, Luke Rhinehart, has made some of his best and worst decisions that way. When he was twenty-one, he was driving on Long Island when he saw a pretty nurse walking along the road. ‘I took out the die and said to myself: if is falls on an odd number (one, three or five, I will turn around and offer her a ride. And it came out odd. So I did. I arranged to play tennis with her the next day. These many years later, I am still married to the same woman.’
Rhinehart first started making decisions by throwing dice when he was at college because he didn’t like the kind of person he was: a person who always made very ‘safe’ and ‘boring’ decisions. Throwing the dice was a way of making himself take more risks. Years later, when he himself was a college professor, he told his students about his ‘dice philosophy’. They were so fascinated that he decided to write a book about it.
However, the book – and the rest of his life – almost didn’t happen. Five years later, Rhinehart was living on the Spanish island of Majorca teaching English, but he had still only written two hundred pages of the book. He met an English professor, Mike Franklyn, and showed him the manuscript of the Dice Man. Franklyn knew it would be a big success, and encouraged Rhinehart to finish it.
Then, when the book was done, the author and his wife bought a sailing boat and set off from the south of France to Majorca. Along the way, they met a fierce storm and lost their engine. ‘I’ said goodbye to my wife. We assumed we were going to die.’
However, the couple were pulled from the ocean by some Scottish sailors, the book was published and Franklyn sold the rights all over the world.
7. Match the beginnings of the sentences to the endings. Use the text to help you.
1. Luke Rhinehart probably wouldn’t have started dicing. (c)
2. He wouldn’t have met his wife. (f)
3. He wouldn’t have started writing the Dice Man. (b)
4. He might not have finished the book. (e)
5. He wouldn’t be alive today (a)
6. He might still be a poor college professor (d)
a. If the Scottish sailors hadn’t rescued him.
b. If his students hadn’t been so interested in dicing.
c. If the book hadn’t been so successful.
d. If he hadn’t met Mike Franklyn.
e. If he had thrown an even number.
7. Analysis
1. a. Are the sentences in exercise 6 true or hypothetical?
b. Look at the ‘conditions’ in B. Do they refer to the present or the past? What form of
the verb is used to talk about the past conditions. (Past Perfect)
c. Look at the hypothetical situations in A. which ones refer to the past? (1,2,3,4) Which
` refer to the present? (5,6)
2. Notice the verb forms.
Past condition → Past result
If he hadn’t been bored, he wouldn’t have started dicing.
Past condition → Present / general result
If the book hadn’t been he would /might still be a college professor
Successful
Underline these forms in the exercise.
8. Talking hypothetically about the past with if
If you are imagining possibilities in the past, we often use if to describe the hypothetical situation.
If he’d stayed at home that day, he would have met his wife.
(condition) (result)
Notice that after if we use the Past perfect. This form is often called the ‘Third conditional’.
REMEMBER!
We can also use might have or could have if we are less sure about what would have happened.
If he’d (=he had) worked harder, he might have got into university.
We could’ve won the competition if our best players hadn’t got injured.
9. Talking hypothetically about the past and present together.
Notice the difference between these two forms:
a. Imaginary situations generally / in the present
If + Past simple + would + verb
If I wasn’t an actor, I’d be a musician.
b. Imaginary situations in the past
If + Past perfect + would have + past participle
If I’d gone to the party, I would have seen her.
Sometimes we want to talk the past and present together. In this case, we can ‘mix’ the two forms.
If she had stayed in her job, she would be richer now.
(past) (present)
If I didn’t trust you, I wouldn’t have lent you the money.
(present) (past)
(didn’t trust: talking about the present, not talking about the past)
10. Look at the photos and listen to the three people describing a big decision in their life. Answer these questions about each person.
a. What was the decision?
b. Why did they make it?
c. How are their lives different now?
d. Would you have made the same decisions in their position?
11. Complete the sentences about each person, use might where appropriate.
a. If Erin hadn’t had (not have) a baby, she would have continued (continue) working.
b. If she hadn’t left (not leave) her job, she wouldn’t have spent (spend) a lot of time away from her children.
c. The family would have (have) a lot more money now, if she had stayed (stay) in her old job, but she wouldn’t be (not be) happy with the situation.
d. Kieron might have become (become) a top class footballer, if he hadn’t broken (not break) his leg.
e. If he had been able (be able) to play for a big club, he wouldn’t have become (not become) a coach.
f. He would be (be) happier now, if he had fulfil (fulfil) his ambitions.
g. If Margot hadn’t been (not go) to Greece for her holidays that year, she wouldn’t met (not meet) Nikos.
h. She might have forgotten (forget) about Nikos, if he hadn’t followed (not follow) her home.
i. If she hadn’t married (not marry) Nikos, she would still live (still live) in England.
j. If she hadn’t moved (not move) to Greece, she would/might still be (still be) a nurse now.
12. Complete the following sentences to make them true for you.
a. I wouldn’t have met …(Ranga) if …(I hadn’t come to SVS school.)
b. I would have studied …(Japanese) if …(I had gone to Japan)
c. I wouldn’t have studied …(English) if …(I hadn’t come to Sri Lanka.)
d. I wouldn’t have gone to …(Thailand) if …(I hadn’t have the money.)
e. I would have more money now if …(I had worked hard.)
f. I’d feel better now if …(I had taken the medicine.)
13. The sentences below tell the story of Frank’s problem, but they are in the wrong order. Work in pairs. Put the sentences in the same order as the pictures.
a. In the end, he made up his mind – he knew exactly how to sort the problem out. (8)
b. But when things got no better, he began to feel a little concerned. (4) .
c. He suffered several sleepless nights thinking it over. (5) .
d. Frank’s life was trouble-free – he didn’t have a care in the world. 1 .
e. Until one day a problem came up. (2) .
f. He even phoned a helpline to ask for expert advice. (7) .
g. At first, Frank thought he should ignore the problem, hoping it would just go away. (3)
h. He talked it over with a friend, who was very sympathetic. (6) .
14. Match the words or phrases in bold in exercise 13 with the definitions below.
a. disappear – go away
b. without problems – (trouble-free)
c. solve (a problem) (sort out)
d. had nothing to worry about – (didn’t have a care in the world)
e. was unable to sleep at night – (suffered several sleepless night)
f. kind and willing to listen – (sympathetic)
g. help given by people who know a lot about a subject – (expert advice)
h. a number you call for help or advice – (helpline)
i. appeared unexpected – (came up)
j. decided – (made up his mind)
k. pretend you can’t see or notice something – (ignore)
l. discuss something seriously – (talked it over)
m. worried – (concerned)
n. thing about something carefully – (thinking it over)
15. a. Work in pairs. Choose one of the topics below. Imagine Frank’s problem was related to this topic.
- his health - money
- His love life - a secret in his past
- His job or studies
b. Re-tell the story and invent extra details.
Frank had a The problem was that his
carefree life until girlfriend didn’t seem to like
a light problem him anymore.
came up.
1. Wordspot Think
Match a phrase in A with an ending / response in B.
A B
a. What do you think (8) 1. about twenty years old.
b. My brother is thinking (5) 2. don’t think so.
c. Mrs Potts thinks the world (7) 3. some time to think it over.
d. Just think! (6) 4. I can’t think straight!
e. We’d better try and think (12) 5. of going abroad for a year.
f. I can’t decide now: give me (3) 6. Marta’s in New York now!
g. A: Is Paul coming this evening? 7. of her grandchildren.
B: Yes, I think (9) 8. of new boss?
h. There’s so much noise in here (4) 9. so.
i. It’s important that parents 10. think back.
Encourage their children (11) 11. to think for themselves.
j. Where were you on the night 12. up a good excuse for being late.
of the robbery? Try to (10)
k. A: Can Karl speak French?
B: I (2)
l. I should think she’s (1)
2. The diagram below shows the most common uses of think. Add the phrases from exercise 1 to the correct section.
b. to use you
mind / consider / invent
I’m thinking of + ing
a. having c. common spoken
opinions / ideas expression What do you think of…? THINK Just think!
d. idioms
Think the world of someone.
3. Replace the words and phrases in bold with an appropriate phrase with think.
a. ‘Is Sydney the capital of Australia?’ ‘Probably not’
I don’t think so. .
b. What’s your opinion of Louise’s new hairstyle?
What do you think of Louise’s new hairstyle? .
c. Apparently John and Lucy are considering selling their flat.
Apparently John and Lucy are thinking of / about selling their flat .
d. They’re trying to invent a name for the new hairspray.
They’d better try and think up to invent a name for the new hairstyle . *
e. If we win, we’ll be millionaires!! Imagine it!
If we win, we’ll be millionaires!! Just think! .
f. ‘Is Martin coming this evening? ‘Probably.’
I think so. .
g. ‘What time will we get there?’ ‘About nine, I suppose.’
I should think about nine .
h. All the students in the class respect and admire their teacher.
All the students in the class think the world of their teacher .
i. I was so tired I couldn’t concentrate.
I was so tired I couldn’t think straight. .
j. He’s always encouraged him employees to have their own ideas.
He’s always encourage his employees to think for themselves .
k. When I remember, it seems the happiest time of my life.
When I think back, it seems the happiest time of my life .
l. Katie didn’t agree to the idea straightaway, but asked for some time to consider it carefully.
Katie didn’t agree to idea straightaway, but asked for some time to think it over .
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